Nolen-Hoeksema's research on the role of rumination and brooding in depression was motivated initially by the desire to provide an explanation for:
a) The learned helplessness effects identified by Seligman
b) The negative impact that depressed people have on other people
c) The tendency for depression to be more common among females than males
d) The paradoxical finding that depressed people seem to be sadder but wiser
Question 2Cognitive-behavioural models of social phobia link social phobia with:
a) Low public self-consciousness
b) Perfectionistic standards
c) An attentional bias that focuses attention on neutral social information
d) An attentional bias that focuses attention on positive social information
Question 3According to Blankstein and Segal (2001 ), the various cognitive assessment techniques tend to be:
a) Highly correlated with each other
b) Moderately correlated with each other
c) Poorly correlated with each other
d) None of the above; there is not enough research on the associations among the various cognitive techniques
Question 4Over the years, the DSM has added a fair amount of detail to the diagnostic criteria. This, in addition to ___________, has made diagnosis more reliable.
a) Standardized interviews
b) Better training for psychologists
c) Underemphasizing the role of culture
d) Better medications
Question 5Directionality is best addressed by:
a) Including a control group
b) Using a longitudinal design
c) Using a mixed design
d) Using a correlational design
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