James frequently seems to act out in the classroom. When the teacher has stopped paying attention, ...

James frequently seems to act out in the classroom. When the teacher has stopped paying attention, James's acting-out behavior has decreased considerably, but occasionally this behavior returns unexpectedly. The return of this unwanted behavior can be explained by the process of
 
  a. extinction.
  b. shaping.
  c. negative reinforcement.
  d. spontaneous recovery.

Ques. 2

Which of the following is most characteristic of action research?
 
  a. uses extensive literature reviews that rely on primary sources
  b. follows carefully prescribed procedures
  c. respects subjective judgments of individuals
  d. uses primarily professionally developed instruments