An investigator finds that college students who drink alcohol excessively have academic achievement that is lower than other students who do not engage in this activity. She concludes that excessive drinking of alcohol results in decreased academic achievement. Which alternative hypothesis(s) should she investigate?
a. Hypothesis of the common cause
b. Hypothesis of reverse causality
c. Hypothesis about other independent variables
d. a and c
e. All of these are true.
Ques. 2If faced with the dilemma of choosing between internal validity and external validity, an experimenter should give priority to
a. internal validity. b. external validity.
Ques. 3Because of the limitations of ex post facto research, it should
a. rarely be used in educational research.
b. be interpreted with caution.
c. be used carefully by those interested in important variables which cannot be manipulated.
d. be replaced by analysis of variance techniques.
e. b and c.
Ques. 4A researcher is interested in whether playing soft music increases worker productivity in a factory. This illustrates ____ research, and music is the ____.
a. correlational; dependent variable c. experimental; independent variable
b. correlational; independent variable d. experimental; dependent variable
Ques. 5In which of the following, is ex post facto research most appropriate? The investigator
a. has direct control of the dependent variables.
b. cannot manipulate the dependent variables.
c. cannot manipulate the independent variables.
d. can cause variations on all variables.
Ques. 6Volunteers for a research study could introduce bias because
a. they are less likely to show change than subjects who are required to participate.
b. they may be different from nonvolunteers on important variables.
c. they are more subject to the Hawthorne effect than nonvolunteers.
d. Al of these are true.
Ques. 7The casual-comparative design is used when
a. the independent variable cannot be manipulated by the researcher.
b. it is not possible to assign subjects to different treatments.
c. the independent variable being investigated is one that already characterizes an individual.
d. variation is an independent variable occurring in the natural course of events.
e. All of these are true.
Ques. 8Research has ____ validity when it shows the findings can be generalized beyond the limits of the study.
a. internal c. construct
b. external d. operational
Ques. 9Causal-comparative or ex post facto research is widely used because
a. such studies have greater internal validity than do quasi-experimental studies.
b. the law of the single significant independent variable can be more readily applied in ex post facto research than in experimental research.
c. it is not possible to experimentally manipulate many variables of interest .
d. Campbell and Stanley are exuberant in their praise of ex post facto research.
Ques. 10Research has ____ validity when it accurately infers a significant relationship between the treatment and the dependent variable of the study.
a. statistical c. external
b. construct d. internal
Ques. 11A researcher is exploring possible reasons for some children being put into gifted programs and other children not being entered into gifted programs. This study is ex post facto because the
a. subjects are already known to differ on the dependent variable.
b. subjects are already known to differ on the independent variable.
c. a and b.
d. None of these are true.
Ques. 12A researcher plans a special series of classroom lessons designed to increase students' verbal skills. A control group does not have the lessons. Which of the following would most likely be threats to internal validity?
a. History
b. Hawthorne effect
c. Teacher expectations effect
d. Mortality
e. b and c
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