Which of the following variables can be either an active or an attribute variable in a research study?
a. verbal aptitude
c. creativity
b. anxiety
d. reading readiness
Ques. 2The most important reason for choosing an ex post facto design rather than an experimental design is when
a. random sampling is not possible.
b. random assignment must be used.
c. manipulation of the independent variable is not possible.
d. intact classroom groups must be used.
e. young children are the subjects in the research.
Ques. 3Which of the following questions is primarily a question of deductive reasoning?
a. Are the conclusions justified by the evidence in the study?
b. Are the relationships to be investigated logically implied by the hypothesis?
c. Could the difference between groups have been a function of chance?
d. Is the population involved in the study precisely described?
e. Is evidence that does not agree with the hypothesis omitted?
Ques. 4High school graduates have a higher average income than those who did not graduate from high school. In this situation we can rule out:
a. common cause.
c. Both of these answers.
b. reverse causality.
d. Neither of these answers
Ques. 5An investigator finds that college students who drink alcohol excessively have academic achievement that is lower than other students who do not engage in this activity. She concludes that excessive drinking of alcohol results in decreased academic achievement. Which alternative hypothesis(s) should she investigate?
a. Hypothesis of the common cause
b. Hypothesis of reverse causality
c. Hypothesis about other independent variables
d. a and c
e. All of these are true.
Ques. 6Indicate which of the following is true related to presentation of a research study.
a. It may be assumed that the readers will arrive at the same conclusions as the writer.
b. Using the hypothesis as the framework around which to organize the presentation and analysis of data is a useful strategy.
c. Personal anecdotes, humorous asides, etc., should be used whenever possible to enliven a research report.
d. It should be assumed by researchers that readers will deduce the implications of the results themselves.
Ques. 7Because of the limitations of ex post facto research, it should
a. rarely be used in educational research.
b. be interpreted with caution.
c. be used carefully by those interested in important variables which cannot be manipulated.
d. be replaced by analysis of variance techniques.
e. b and c.
Ques. 8In which of the following, is ex post facto research most appropriate? The investigator
a. has direct control of the dependent variables.
b. cannot manipulate the dependent variables.
c. cannot manipulate the independent variables.
d. can cause variations on all variables.
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