According to Piaget, three of the following are essential for cognitive development. Which one is not?
a. Brain maturation
b. High self-esteem
c. Interaction with other people
d. Interaction with the physical environment
Ques. 2Which one of the following best describes Piaget's notion of equilibration?
a. A child assimilates without accommodating.
b. A child doesn't encounter any new or challenging ideas.
c. A child revises existing schemes to better understand new phenomenon.
d. A child has difficulty explaining new events using existing schemes.
Ques. 3From a propositional network perspective of long-term memory, meaningful learning is best described as a process of:
a. Modifying the arguments of existing propositions
b. Modifying the relations of existing propositions
c. Connecting one or more new propositions to the network
d. Hierarchically organizing existing propositions within the network
Ques. 4Four-year-old Kristen was asked if her mother's friend Jennifer was her aunt. Kristen responded: yes, because she is a female adult who loves me and comes to my house for Thanksgiving. Kristen was not able to identify that Jennifer is a_______________ of aunts.
a. correlational feature
b. defining feature
c. positive instance
d. negative instance
Ques. 5Four-year-old Becky is playing with blocks, stacking them one on top of another until her towers eventually tumble, and then stacking the blocks again. Which one of the following best reflects Piaget's view of how Becky is probably learning in this situation?
a. Because she is probably still in the sensorimotor stage, she will remember what she learns about the blocks only while the blocks are still in front of her.
b. She is absorbing information about how the environment behaves (e.g., objects fall) without consciously thinking about it.
c. She is actively thinking about and interpreting the results of her actions.
d. Because she builds one tower after another, she is obviously reinforced by watching her towers tumble down.
Ques. 6Corey understands the general meanings of 20 new vocabulary words, but to prepare for an upcoming quiz, he also memorizes the specific definitions his teacher has provided on a study guide. Two weeks later, he is given a surprise quiz on those vocabulary words. Considering research findings described in the text, we would expect that Corey:
a. Can still remember all the definitions verbatim
b. Can define the general meaning most of the vocabulary words but cannot necessarily remember the original definitions verbatim
c. Can recognize the vocabulary words he studied but cannot define them
d. Can recognize only about 25 of the vocabulary words he studied
Ques. 7A well-known nursery rhyme (e.g., Humpty Dumpty sat on a wall . . . ) is most likely to be stored in long-term memory as one or more:
a. productions
b. propositions
c. verbal codes
d. images
Ques. 8Only one of the following is a true statement regarding the nature of knowledge in long-term memory. Which one?
a. It is always better to learn a little bit about many topics than to learn a lot about a few topics.
b. Interconnected pieces of information are usually more useful than isolated pieces.
c. Most of our knowledge about the world is probably in episodic memory rather than in semantic memory.
d. Any single piece of information is stored in only one way.
Ques. 9Which one of the following factors is likely to have the greatest influence in the development of a person's worldview?
a. The culture in which a person grows up
b. The kinds of books a person reads as a child
c. The extent to which a person has pursued higher education
d. The person's physical environment (e.g., whether the land is flat or mountainous)
Ques. 10Three of the following teaching strategies may foster students' acquisition of a theory about phenomena in the natural world. Which strategy is least likely to be effective in fostering students' theory development?
a. Show a diagram of the human digestive system.
b. Ask students to memorize a one-paragraph summary of how mitosis occurs.
c. Describe heat as something that flows from one object to another.
d. Engage students in a discussion about the forces that affect an arrow's movement as it is shot from a bow.
Ques. 11Maureen vehemently denies that trees are plants. Her understanding of what a plant is reflects which of the following errors?
a. Overgeneralization
b. Undergeneralization
c. Confirmation bias
d. The misinformation effect
Ques. 12Eight-year-old Mary was asked if the shark at the aquarium was a fish. She responded: no, because that shark is too big to be fish. Kristen was not able to identify that the shark is a _______________ of fish.
a. correlational feature
b. defining feature
c. positive instance
d. negative instance
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