Gina attends a wedding ceremony conducted in a culture very different from her own, and many of the rites performed during the ceremony seem strange and unfamiliar to her. Later, she finds that she can best remember those parts of the ceremony that were similar to how weddings are performed in her own culture. In which one of the following ways would a cognitive psychologist be most likely to explain this situation?
a. Schemas encourage us to elaborate on the wide variety of stimuli we encounter over the course of our daily lives.
b. We often learn new concepts by forming and testing hypotheses about defining and correlational features.
c. Concepts are often stored in terms of exemplars.
d. We can more accurately remember events that are consistent with familiar scripts.
Ques. 2Which one of the following alternatives best illustrates the notion of a personal theory?
a. Agnes has memorized the formula a2 + b2 = c2, but she cannot remember what the formula is called or what it's used for.
b. Bert has memorized the formula a2 + b2 = c2 and also knows that it's called the Pythagorean theorem; however, he doesn't know in what situations it is useful.
c. Christine is familiar with the formula a2 + b2 = c2; furthermore, she knows that the Pythagorean theorem provides a means of predicting the hypotenuse of a right triangle when the lengths of the other two sides are known.
d. Darnell thinks of living creatures as being defined in terms of their biological origins, but he thinks of manmade objects as being defined in terms of their functions.
Ques. 3Four boys read this line from a story:
The two men entered the restaurant and ordered hamburgers.
Which one of the boys is clearly using a script while reading the story?
a. Alex assumes that the men looked at a menu before ordering.
b. Bob is guessing that the men probably have evil motives.
c. Colin wonders what the men look like.
d. Devon thinks that the men should make more healthful choices.
Ques. 4Lenesa sees a picture of a beach and then later tries to draw the picture from memory. She draws shells on the beach even though the beach in the picture had no shells. Using cognitive psychologists' concept of schema, how could we explain Lenesa's error?
a. Lenesa has a schema for shells but does not have one for beaches.
b. Lenesa has a schema for beaches but does not have one for shells.
c. Lenesa's schema for a typical beach includes shells.
d. Lenesa's schemas of beaches and shells are interfering with each other.
Ques. 5Three of the following teachers are following recommended practices for teaching concepts. Which one is not?
a. Mr. Adams teaches the concept fruit by showing examples of many different fruits and many different non-fruits.
b. Mr. Benito teaches the concept reptile by focusing his students' attention on pictures of dinosaursanimals that the students especially enjoy studying.
c. Mr. Carlson teaches the concept vertebrate by giving a definition of the concept.
d. After a lesson on the concept carbohydrate, Mr. Danielson asks his students to give their own examples of the concept.
Ques. 6Which one of the following behaviors is most consistent with the idea that long-term memory is organized as a hierarchy?
a. Aaron answers the question, Is a barracuda a fish? faster than he answers the question, Is a barracuda an animal?
b. Betsy answers the question, Is a tree a living thing? faster than she answers the question, Is a tree a plant?
c. When asked to picture a robin in his mind, Colin describes his image in vivid detail.
d. When asked to explain how to climb a tree, Darla describes a detailed series of arm and leg movements.
Ques. 7Which of the following most accurately describes information that was encoded in the form of a production?
a. John rides his bike down his street faster than his friend's street.
b. Jenny is a very careful driver and never drives over the speed limit.
c. If Jake approaches a yellow light while driving he steps on the brake to slow down.
d. Julie does not know how to ride a bike, but is a skilled roller skater.
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