Three of the following ideas are integral parts of social cognitive theory. Which one is not?
a. Learning can occur without a change in behavior.
b. People have control over their actions
c. Reinforcement can have an effect not only on the person being reinforced but on other individuals as well.
d. People's behaviors are always the direct results of the specific environments in which they live.
Ques. 2Sharon knows that Kathy frequently completes her assignments long after they are due. She has noticed that their teacher willingly accepts Kathy's late assignments because Kathy always has a creative excuse for turning them in late. Sharon begins to do the same thingshe turns in assignments past the due date and makes up excuses for why she is late. Sharon's increase in excuse-making is due to:
a. Shaping and intrinsic reinforcement
b. An increase in self-reinforcement
c. A decrease in self-regulation
d. Modeling and vicarious reinforcement
Ques. 3If we consider the concept of reciprocal causation, we must conclude that students' behavior in the classroom is influenced:
a. Primarily by what teachers do in the classroom
b. Primarily by how students think about classroom material
c. Both by classroom events and the student's expectations about the classroom
d. Largely by things that have happened to students in the past
Ques. 4Which one of the following statements best illustrates the concept of reciprocal causation?
a. Individuals are more likely to imitate a behavior for which they have seen others reinforced.
b. Modeling can occur only when an individual is capable of performing an observed behavior.
c. People are unlikely to exhibit a behavior that will probably be punished.
d. The environment alters behavior, but behavior alters the environment as well.
Ques. 5Ms. Jefferson promises her students special treats if they turn in their homework assignments the next day. But the following day Ms. Jefferson forgets to bring the treats she promised. From the perspective of social cognitive theory, what has just happened to the students who turned in their homework assignments?
a. They have been punished for doing so.
b. They have been negatively reinforced for doing so.
c. They have been vicariously reinforced for doing so.
d. Their behavior has been extinguished.
Ques. 6Which one of the following alternatives illustrates the impact of an efficacy expectation?
a. Anita knows that her teacher will help her if she has trouble with her math problems.
b. Brent is well aware that college admissions offices look at high school gradesbut not middle school gradeswhen choosing students.
c. Although Christina would like to be on the varsity softball team, she doesn't think she has sufficient talent to make the team, even with a lot of practice.
d. David's parents must continually prod him to do his homework. Even so, he doesn't work very hard on homework assignments because he knows they won't count much toward his class grades.
Ques. 7Judging from the brief descriptions below, which one of these four teachers is most likely to be using a mastery learning approach?
a. Ms. Alfonso gives examinations in which different students are asked different questions, depending on individual student needs and interests.
b. Mr. Bryant assigns term papers and oral reports rather than in-class examinations.
c. Ms. Carroll uses the highest four of a student's six exam scores to determine course grades.
d. Mr. Dickson insists that each student in his sociology class pass the first unit exam at the 85 level before beginning work on the second unit.
Ques. 8For which of the following students would behaviorist approaches to instruction be least helpful?
a. Ann has a learning disability.
b. Bobby is very anxious about his academic work.
c. Carl would rather socialize with his friends than do his homework.
d. Dana has always been one of the top students in her class.
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