Maria learns to tie her shoe by watching her older sister successfully tie her own shoe. Rather than shaping Maria's behavior by using reinforcements, Bandura's social learning theory relies on:
a. vicarious learning.
b. negative reinforcement.
c. enactive learning.
d. information processing.
Ques. 2When children are in the stages of initiative versus guilt and industry versus inferiority, teachers and families can take steps that encourage positive resolution of these psychosocial crises. All of the following are recommended EXCEPT:
a. Provide support to children when they seem discouraged and think about giving up.
b. Make sure they have a chance to experience success in games and school activities.
c. Encourage children to engage in make-believe with a wide variety of roles.
d. Assist children when they attempt to do things independently and help them avoid mistakes and accidents.
Ques. 3Juan is highly determined to get a perfect score on his geography test. He has a set of flashcards and he practices over and over learning the state capitals. Juan's behavior is typical of what we might expect of an 11-year-old child in Erikson's _________ stage of psychosocial development.
a. initiative versus guilt
b. anal versus latency
c. autonomy versus shame and doubt
d. industry versus inferiority
Ques. 4Which of the following statements is an accurate representation of Erik Erikson's ideas?
a. An individual cannot progress to a later stage unless the earlier stage has been resolved successfully and completely.
b. Accomplishments at later stages are independent of crises at earlier stages, and the emergence of self is the key to development at each stage.
c. Successful resolution of a crisis at any stage depends upon having more positive than negative experiences in the psychosocial area of major concern.
d. At each stage of development, children must resolve the conflict of the stage by choosing the extreme position that brings about confidence and autonomy.
Ques. 5Freuds stages of psychosexual developpment follow which view of the shape of development?
a. The shape of development is discontinuous and qualitative.
b. The shape of development is continuous and qualitative.
c. The shape of development is discontinuous and quantitative.
d. The shape of development is continuous and quantitative.
Ques. 6Noelle is a 12-year old who knows that she is expected to drop off her cell phone at the school office as soon as she enters school in the morning. Based on Freud's beliefs, which element of personality drives Noelle's desire to hide her cell phone in her backpack rather than dropping it off at the school office?
a. ego
b. id
c. superego
d. psychosocial conflict
Ques. 7Young geese will attach to the first nurturing figure they see after they are born. This principle is known as ________________, which is considered to be a bonding experience that has great adaptive value.
a. ethology
b. psychosocial crisis
c. imprinting
d. operant conditioning
Ques. 8Most researchers agree the birth of child development studies in the United Sates began in the ______ under the scholarship of John Dewey.
a. 1920s
b. late 1800s
c. 1960s
d. 1950s
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