Occasionally people have false memories, recalling events that never actually happened. Three of the following false memories are consistent with research findings regarding when false memories are likely to form. Which one is inconsistent with research findings?
a. After seeing a photo of a girl who looks like her riding an elephant, 10-year-old Sally says, Oh, yes, I remember that elephant ride.
b. Eighteen-year-old Mark recalls attending a Jewish Bar Mitzvah when he was 13, even though he isn't Jewish and doesn't have any friends who are Jewish.
c. Four-year-old Carmen is asked to imagine herself going to Disney World and meeting Snow White. Several months later she claims she actually did meet Snow White.
d. As a requirement for his psychology class, 20-year-old Damion participates in a research study in which he's asked to read a group of 10 interrelated words (e.g., bed, pillow, dream). Afterward he claims that one of the words was sleep, even though it wasn't included in the list.
Ques. 2Albert grew up in Germany but now lives in England. He recalls more about his childhood in Germany when he's speaking in German than when he's speaking in English. Which one of the following concepts best explains this fact?
a. flashbulb memory
b. encoding specificity
c. spreading activation
d. fan effect
Ques. 3Randall is trying to remember how to spell the word separate. He retrieves the first three letters (S E P) and the last four (R A T E) and assumes that the fourth letter must be E because he usually pronounces the word like this: SEP-ER-ATE. Randall's process of remembering how to spell the word (in this case, incorrectly) illustrates the use of:
a. a script
b. a retrieval cue
c. construction in retrieval
d. encoding cue
Ques. 4Lucy sees a boy who looks very familiar to her, but she can't remember who he is. Then the boy says something with a thick French accent, and Lucy suddenly realizes that he is the foreign exchange student from France. In this situation, the boy's French accent helps Lucy remember by:
a. Restricting the spread of activation
b. Providing a retrieval cue
c. Helping her elaborate on stored information
d. Facilitating a reorganization of her long-term memory
Ques. 5Maria is listening to her teacher talk about how rainy weather develops. Maria thinks, Rain hmm, it's supposed to rain tomorrow I wonder where I left my umbrella I think I took it to the library yesterday I'll bet that's where I left my notebook, too. Maria's thoughts illustrate:
a. construction in storage
b. construction in retrieval
c. retrieval cues
d. spreading activation
Ques. 6Occasional review of previously learned material helps our memory for that material by:
a. promoting controlled processing
b. limiting the spread of activation
c. increasing associations with other things we know
d. increasing the precision of our visual images
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