In a study by Sulzbacher & Houser students were told they would receive an additional 10-minute recess but they would lose one minute of this recess every time the teacher saw the naughty finger. According to a behaviorist interpretation of Thorndike's law of effect, what should be the effect of this technique in a classroom of students using the naughty finger?
a. this technique will gradually increase the number of naughty fingers while the contingency is in effect
b. this technique will gradually decrease the number of naughty fingers while the contingency is in effect
c. this technique will suddenly increase the number of naughty fingers as soon as the contingency is in effect
d. this technique will suddenly decrease the number of naughty fingers as soon as the contingency is in effect
Ques. 2Nonverbal ways of expressing feelings are universal: a hand gesture means everywhere the same.
Indicate whether the statement is true or false
Ques. 3Whereas words are better to express __________________, nonverbal messages tend to express ____________________ better.
a. Feelings and attitudes; ideas and imaginary thoughts
b. Feelings and attitudes; ideas and imaginary thoughts
c. Ideas and imaginary thoughts; feelings and attitudes
d. Culture; feelings and attitudes
Ques. 4Carey et al. developed a three-week course to help seventh graders understand the role of formulating and testing hypotheses. Students who took the course showed an improvement in their beliefs about:
a. the nature of experiments and the nature of research results
b. their ability to get good grades in science
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
Ques. 5Alanna was saying how happy she was and she kept smiling. Her verbal message _______________________ her nonverbal message.
a. Complements
b. Contradicts
c. Repeats
d. Replaces
Ques. 6Which of the following statements is correct concerning expert-novice differences in physics knowledge?
a. novices possess large functional units of knowledge
b. novices categorize problems based on structural similarity
c. novices work from givens to unknown
d. novices build nave representations
Ques. 7Verbal communication is different from nonverbal communication in that _______________________, and similar in that both _______________________.
a. Verbal is intentional and nonverbal can be unintentional; are culture-bound
b. Verbal is culture-bound and nonverbal is universal; are intentional
c. Verbal is difficult to interpret, and nonverbal is more straightforward; are inherently ambiguous.
d. Verbal is primarily about relationships and nonverbal is about cultures; are inevitable.
Ques. 8In the study by Zohar and Ahron-Kravesky about hypothesis testing in high school students, results indicated:
a. students benefited more from the direct instruction approach than the cognitive conflict approach
b. students benefited more from the cognitive conflict approach than the direct instruction approach
c. high achieving students benefited more from the direct instruction approach than the cognitive conflict approach
d. low achieving students benefited more from the direct instruction approach than the cognitive conflict approach
Ques. 9According to Piaget, at which cognitive period of development does scientific reasoning occur?
a. pre-operational
b. post-operational
c. formal operations
d. concrete operations
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