In dynamical systems terminology, an attractor refers to
A. a preferred pattern of stability.
B. a strong constraint.
C. the goal of a skill.
D. a synergistic collection of muscles.
Question 2During a dance rehearsal in which a new routine is instructed, one of the dancers fails to learn the routine because of her lack of interest and motivation. In this example, the dancer's learning of the new routine is limited by what type of constraint?
A. Task constraint.
B. Organismic constraint.
C. Environmental constraint.
D. Learning constraint.
Question 3Newell has identified three types of constraints limiting human movement. Which of the following is NOT a type of constraint identified by Newell?
A. Organismic constraints.
B. Environmental constraints.
C. Learning constraints.
D. Task constraints.
Question 4All of the possible patterns, or different states, that a system is capable of assuming, is called its ________________.
A. state space
B. emergent property
C. adaptive context
D. phase boundary
Question 5According to dynamical systems theory, the muscular-skeletal system is seen as interacting with various bodily and external constraints. Bodily systems then organize into appropriate patterns of coordination in order to most effectively meet movement goals within the state space available. The resulting behavioral expression of this chain of events is a motor skill. In this view, a motor skill is conceived of as being a/an
A. phase-shift.
B. self-organized collective.
C. emergent property.
D. bounded state-space.
Question 6A system is considered dynamical if it
A. controls at least one other system.
B. is open to outside interaction.
C. is organized in a top-down fashion.
D. changes over time.
Question 7First proposed by Bernstein, a grouping of muscles that can be temporarily constrained to act as a single action unit, thus reducing the number of degrees of freedom that must be individually controlled in producing movement, is called a
A. control group.
B. synergy.
C. control structure.
D. coordinated action unit.
Question 8According to schema theory, the generalized motor program is developed by abstracting the relationship among four sources of information. Which of the following is NOT one of these four informational sources?
A. Invariant program features.
B. Response specifications.
C. Initial conditions.
D. Expected response outcomes
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