Sarah is a 12th-grader. She is beginning to question her parents' religious views and authority a lot, but her own career goals are starting to solidify after years of exploring and doing volunteer work at a veterinary clinic. Explain where Sarah is at in her identity development using Marcia's classification system.
What will be an ideal response?
Question 2At birth, the neonate's color vision is
a. entirely absent; vision is in various shades of gray.
b. developed, with strong saturations like a cartoon.
c. partially in color, but some colors are confused.
d. fully developed as with adults.
Question 3Parents and teachers are often reminded that adult praise of the child is helpful for the child's self-esteem and achievement, but this may be an oversimplification. What styles of praise are helpful, and what styles may be counterproductive?
What will be an ideal response?
Question 4The newborn's innate preference for looking at faces
a. strengthens while the baby becomes known to caregivers.
b. weakens and disappears by the age of two months.
c. remains stable at a constant level throughout infancy.
d. is replaced by a preference for looking at shoes when the infant later becomes capable of crawling.
Question 5Discuss Dweck's theory of learned helplessness with regard to achievement motivation, noting (a) the kinds of causal attributions involved and (b) school experiences that might lead to an attitude of learned helplessness. What kind of experience has been found to be effective in countering learned helplessness?
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Question 6The pupillary reflex can be tested to verify that the neonate
a. responds appropriately to punishment.
b. is sensitive to light.
c. exhibits stereopsis.
d. perceives depth.
Question 7Peer influences affect children strongly at various age levels and also in various areas. School achievement is an important area of activity. Describe how peer influences on school achievement differ across ethnic groups and possible reasons for those ethnic differences.
What will be an ideal response?
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