________ proposed that people turn to deviance because they are denied access to the approved means of achieving the goals of society.
a. Sigmund Freud
b. Edwin Sutherland
c. Robert Merton
d. William Ryan
Question 2________ theory asserts that through interaction and close association with deviants, one learns to be a criminal.
a. Labeling
b. Conflict
c. Cultural transmission
d. Cultural deprivation
Question 3________ theories consider the source of deviance to be conditions of the individual's mind or personality.
a. Sociological
b. Psychological
c. Biological
d. Physiological
Question 4________ explanations for deviance focus on physical features, genetic anomalies, and brain malfunctions.
a. Biological
b. Psychological
c. Sociological
d. Physiological
Question 5Treating the ________ as the source of deviance is the central thesis of biological, psychological, and some sociological theories.
a. aggregate
b. group
c. individual
d. minority group
Question 6Because the rates of crime and mental illness vary by different social groups (class, ethnicity, race, place of residence, and sex),
proponents of the ________ approach assume that social and cultural factors are operative in the emergence of delinquent patterns.
a. biological
b. psychological
c. sociological
d. physiological
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