What are the main causes of expatriate failure? How can training reduce the rate of expatriate failure?

 The primary cause of expatriate failure is the inability of the managers and/or their spouses and families to adjust to the new locale. Because of the risk of expatriate failure, firms often devote considerable resources to training.Culture shock reduces an expatriate's effectiveness and productivity, so international businesses have developed various strategies to mitigate its effects. One simple solution is to provide expatriates (and their families) with predeparture language and cultural training, so they can better understand and anticipate the cultural adjustments they must undergo.

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NP