Neurotransmitters contained in vesicles enter the synapse through
(A) binary fission
(B) translocation
(C) diffusion
(D) exocytosis
(E) endocytosis
Which of the following pairs of organisms have the closest evolutionary relationship?
I. Bacillus thuringiensis
II. Telmatobius peruvianus
III. Bacillus cereus
IV. Cereus peruvianus
V. Mesoplodon peruvianus
(A) I and II
(B) I and III
(C) II and IV
(D) II and V
(E) III and IV
A disease of the adrenal glands will most likely affect which of the following processes?
(A) glucose regulation
(B) ovulation
(C) osmoregulation
(D) blood circulation
(E) muscular coordination
Which of the following kinds of organisms are best adapted to habitats that are frequently subject to unpredictable and severe environmental fluctuations?
(A) organisms with very specific diets
(B) ectothermic organisms
(C) top predators
(D) keystone species
(E) r-selected organisms
What type of bond joins oxygen to hydrogen within a single water molecule?
(A) hydrogen bond
(B) ionic bond
(C) polar covalent bond
(D) nonpolar covalent bond
(E) peptide bond
The smallest unit of matter that has the properties of a particular element is a/n ____________.
(A) proton
(B) neutron
(C) electron
(D) atom
(E) none of these
A carbohydrate monomer is called a/n ______________.
(A) monohydrate
(B) carbosaccharide
(C) polypeptide
(D) amino acid
(E) monosaccharide
Which of the following RNA sequences would bond to this DNA strand: AATAG?
(A) AATAG
(B) UUAUC
(C) AAUAG
(D) TTATG
(E) none of these
What part of a cell membrane is fluid and can move from side to side, past other components of the membrane?
(A) lipids
(B) proteins
(C) nucleic acids
(D) a. and b.
(E) all of the above
An enzyme-substrate complex is composed of which of the following?
I. enzyme
II. substrate
III. coenzyme
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) both I and II
(D) both II and III
(E) I, II, and III
If a cell is hypotonic in relation to its environment. Will this cell gain or lose water?
(A) gain
(B) lose
(C) neither
(D) both
(E) none of the above
Which statement is FALSE about a cell’s cytoskeleton?
(A) microtubules are the largest of the 3 types of fibers
(B) intermediate filaments are stable and durable
(C) microfilaments support cellular projections like villi
(D) microtubules grow from the centrosome
(E) all of these are true statements
What do the light reactions produce that is used in the Calvin cycle?
(A) ATP and NADPH
(B) ATP and NADH
(C) ATP and NADP+
(D) NADPH and NADP+
(E) NADH and FADH_2
If chlorophyll looks green, which wavelengths of light does it reflect?
(A) red
(B) orange
(C) yellow
(D) green
(E) all but D
During what phase of mitosis does chromatin condense into chromosomes?
(A) prophase
(B) metaphase
(C) anaphase
(D) telophase
(E) cytokinesis
What is meant by “redundancy” in gene expression?
(A) all tRNA molecules can carry more than one amino acid
(B) each amino acid can have more than one codon
(C) one codon can code for more than one amino acid
(D) mRNA is copied twice in the nucleus
(E) none of these are true
A virus can transfer genes from one bacterial cell to another through which process?
(A) transference
(B) translation
(C) transformation
(D) transduction
(E) transcription
A covalent bond occurs when...
(A) one atom steals an electron from another
(B) two atoms share an electron
(C) one atom donates an electron to another
(D) two atoms are attracted to each other
(E) none of these are correct
Which of the properties of water allow life to exist in a lake when the temperature is below freezing?
(A) Resists temperature change
(B) Exists in all 3 states of matter
(C) Universal solvent
(D) Evaporative cooling
(E) Solid is less dense than liquid
Water and minerals enter a plant through which of the following?
(A) roots
(B) shoots
(C) fruits
(D) flowers
(E) leaves
Which of the following is the primary function of phloem?
(A) water transport
(B) sugar transport
(C) mineral transport
(D) toxin storage
(E) water storage
The sporophyte generation produces _____________.
(A) spores via mitosis
(B) spores via meiosis
(C) gametes via mitosis
(D) gametes via meiosis
(E) gametophytes
Which hormone is produced mostly in plant shoot tips and causes shoot elongation?
(A) gibberellins
(B) abscisic acid
(C) cytokinins
(D) auxin
(E) ethylene
Which of the following are hollow?
I. zygote
II. morula
III. blastula
(A) I only
(B) II only
(C) III only
(D) I and II only
(E) I, II, and III
If the allele for white flowers (W) is completely dominant over the allele for red flowers (w), what phenotype would you expect for a plant with a ‘ww’ genotype?
(A) white
(B) red
(C) pink
(D) white with red spots
(E) half white and half red
Nitrogen-containing waste products are excreted as the result of the metabolism of which of the following?
(A) proteins
(B) fats
(C) simple sugars
(D) starch
(E) cellulose
Considering the role of mitochondria in cells, mitochondria would likely be most abundant in which of the following?
(A) mature red blood cells
(B) callous cells of the skin
(C) cells of the heart muscle
(D) epithelial cells of the cheek lining
(E) fat cells
Which of the following membranes is correctly matched to its function?
(A) allantois .. food absorption
(B) yolk sac .. embryonic bladder
(C) amnion .. gas exchange
(D) dura mater .. brain protection
(E) peritoneum .. heart protection
A diet with insufficient iodine will most likely lead to which of the following symptoms in an individual?
(A) bleeding gums
(B) decreased metabolic rate
(C) increased body temperature
(D) increased respiratory rate
(E) weight loss
Which part of a flower develops into fruit?
(A) sepal
(B) stigma
(C) anther
(D) ovary
(E) filament
All of the following substances are potentially major sources of energy for the human body EXCEPT
(A) starches
(B) sugars
(C) vitamins
(D) proteins
(E) fats
In which of the following ways do social insects benefit most from having several types or castes within the species?
(A) each colony is able to include a large number of individuals
(B) the secretions or odors produced by the protective caste are an effective defense
(C) the division of the species into castes ensures the survival of the fittest
(D) large numbers of the worker caste can migrate to start new colonies
(E) the specialized structure of each caste permits division of labor and greater efficiency
Of the following, which is an example of a mutualistic relationship?
(A) the protozoan Trichonympha digesting wood in the gut of a termite
(B) the sporozoan Plasmodium reproducing in human blood cells and liberating toxins into the human body
(C) two species of Paramecium deriving food from a common laboratory culture
(D) rabbits being eaten by foxes
(E) humans inadvertently providing food for cockroaches
Deposits of coal in Greenland and the Antarctic indicate that
(A) these regions once contained numerous mollusks that deposited carbohydrates in their shells
(B) the Earth’s crust in these regions contains vast amounts of limestone
(C) these regions were once thickly vegetated
(D) there is a rich store of dissolved carbon dioxide in the seas surrounding these regions
(E) a geologic uplift of coral rock and ocean bed has recently occurred in these regions
If poorly drained soils encourage the growth of bacteria that convert nitrate to nitrogen, the effect on higher plants will be to
(A) increase lipid production
(B) decrease protein production
(C) increase carbohydrate production
(D) produce unusually large fruits
(E) stimulate chlorophyll production
Which of the following statements about imprinting is NOT true?
(A) the capacity for imprinting may be limited to a specific and brief period in the early life of the organism
(B) the behavior pattern associated with imprinting is the result of reward or punishment
(C) the behavior resulting from imprinting is difficult to reverse in later life
(D) a gosling imprinted by a moving wooden decoy may exhibit courting behavior to the decoy in later life
(E) odors and sounds may serve as stimuli for imprinting
Which of the following statements best describes the movement of energy in an ecosystem?
(A) radiant energy is converted into chemical energy in plant photosynthesis and then released as heat energy during cellular respiration
(B) energy cycles within an ecosystem
(C) plants get energy from the nutrients in the soil
(D) the animals in an ecosystem absorb the radiant energy of the sun and use it to make organic molecules such as proteins
(E) some chemoautotrophic bacteria release energy that can then be used by soil animals to make food
Mistletoe is attached to the branches of trees such as sweet gum, from which it obtains water and some nutrients.
Due to this association, tree growth may be diminished. Which of the following terms describes the relationship between the two plants?
(A) commensalism
(B) competition
(C) mutualism
(D) parasitism
(E) predation
Which of the following best explains why a pictorial presentation of the biomass at each trophic level of an ecosystem is a pyramid?
(A) the loss of iron from an ecosystem
(B) the amount of energy passed from one trophic level to the next
(C) the number of predators in the ecosystem
(D) the chemical compounds in an ecosystem are recycled
(E) the average size of the individuals in each species
Excess sewage can lead to the death of aquatic animals in a lake because sewage pollution promotes.
(A) mineral starvation
(B) erosion
(C) thermal stratification
(D) oxygen depletion
(E) a temperature decrease
The forelimbs of horses and frogs are considered to be homologous structures. The best evidence for this homology is that the forelimbs have
(A) a similar appearance in both species
(B) a similar function in both species
(C) a common embryological origin
(D) the same chemical composition
(E) the same number of bones
A katydid is an insect. Its leaf-like appearance is an example of
(A) cryptic coloration
(B) aposematic coloration
(C) Müllerian mimicry
(D) agonistic behavior
(E) Batesian mimicry
Which of the following biomes typically has the greatest annual precipitation?
(A) temperate deciduous forest
(B) taiga
(C) savanna
(D) tropical rain forest
(E) prairie
Plants that live in the tundra are likely to have which of the following adaptations?
(A) tall, single shoots
(B) broad, light-colored leaves
(C) cones that are fire adapted
(D) an association with epiphytes
(E) shallow root systems
A species of malaria-carrying mosquito lives in a forest in which two species of monkeys, A and B, coexist. Species A is immune to malaria, but species B is not. The malaria-carrying mosquito is the chief food for a particular kind of bird in the forest. If all of these birds are eliminated suddenly, which of the following would be the immediate observable consequence?
(A) increased mortality in monkey species A
(B) increased mortality in monkey species B
(C) increased mortality in the malaria-carrying mosquitoes
(D) emergence of malaria-resistant strains in monkey species B
(E) emergence of malaria-sensitive strains in monkey species A
In which of the following ways do social insects benefit most from having several types or castes within the species?
(A) Each colony is able to include a large number of individuals.
(B) The secretions or odors produced by the protective caste are an effective defense.
(C) The division of the species into castes ensures the survival of the fittest.
(D) Large numbers of the worker caste can migrate to start new colonies.
(E) The specialized structure of each caste permits division of labor and greater efficiency.
The greatest diversity of structure and of methods of locomotion is exhibited in the individuals of
(A) a class
(B) a family
(C) an order
(D) a species
(E) a phylum
Of the following, which is an example of a mutualistic relationship?
(A) The protozoan Trichonympha digesting wood in the gut of a termite
(B) The sporozoan Plasmodium reproducing in human blood cells and liberating toxins into the human body
(C) Two species of Paramecium deriving food from a common laboratory culture
(D) Rabbits being eaten by foxes
(E) Humans inadvertently providing food for cockroaches
Evidence that multicellular green plants may have evolved from green algae is best supported by the fact that in both
(A) the gametophyte generation is dominant
(B) the sporophyte generation is dominant
(C) chlorophylls a and b are photosynthetic pigments
(D) xylem vessels are pitted and spiraled
(E) male gametes are nonflagellated
All of the following statements concerning the light-capturing reactions of photosynthesis are true EXCEPT
(A) An initial event is the excitation of electrons in chlorophyll by light energy.
(B) The excited electrons are raised to a higher energy level.
(C) If not captured, the excited electrons drop back to their initial energy levels.
(D) If captured, some of the energy of the excited electrons is used to split carbon dioxide into carbon and oxygen.
(E) Light is absorbed by pigments that are embedded in membranes.
Which of the following statements best explains the hypothesis that the development of sexual reproduction has resulted in acceleration of the rate of evolution?
(A) Mutations are more likely to occur in spermatogenesis and oogenesis than in mitotically dividing cells.
(B) Sexual reproduction results in more offspring than does asexual reproduction.
(C) Those members of a species that are best adapted to their environment are most likely to be successful in sexual reproduction.
(D) Mutations usually do not occur in the production of spores or in cells dividing by fission.
(E) Sexual reproduction is more likely to result in genetic recombination than is asexual reproduction.
A frog skeletal muscle contracts in response to an electrical stimulus. Increase of the stimulus intensity by 50 percent will increase the strength of response nearly 50 percent. If the intensity is again increased 50 percent, the response will increase only about another 25 percent. Further increase in the stimulus intensity produces no further increase in response. The observations above are best explained by which of the following?
(A) A muscle functions with an all-or-none mechanism.
(B) Muscle-fiber sarcolemma is electrically resistant.
(C) The fibers of a muscle do not all contract at the same rate.
(D) The fibers of a muscle fatigue at varying rates.
(E) The fibers of a muscle have varying
Nitrogen-containing waste products are excreted as the result of the metabolism of which of the following?
(A) Proteins
(B) Fats
(C) Simple sugars
(D) Starch
(E) Cellulose
Deposits of coal in Greenland and the Antarctic indicate that
(A) these regions once contained numerous mollusks that deposited carbohydrates in their shells
(B) the Earth’s crust in these regions contains vast amounts of limestone
(C) these regions were once thickly vegetated
(D) there is a rich store of dissolved carbon dioxide in the seas surrounding these regions
(E) a geologic uplift of coral rock and ocean bed has recently occurred in these regions
Thirst, loss of weight, and sugar in the urine result from the undersecretion of a hormone by which of the following glands?
(A) Thyroid
(B) Parathyroid
(C) Pancreas
(D) Adrenal
(E) Thymus
Considering the role of mitochondria in cells, mitochondria would likely be most abundant in which of the following?
(A) Mature red blood cells
(B) Callous cells of the skin
(C) Cells of the heart muscle
(D) Epithelial cells of the cheek lining
(E) Fat cells
All of the following statements about enzymes are true EXCEPT
(A) A single enzyme molecule can be used over and over again.
(B) Most enzymes are highly specific with regard to the reactions they catalyze.
(C) Some enzymes contain an essential nonprotein component.
(D) Enzymes can function only within living cells.
(E) Most enzymes are denatured by high temperatures.
Which of the following is critical in limiting the size to which an animal cell may grow?
(A) The ratio of cell surface to cell volume
(B) The abundance of mitochondria in the cytoplasm
(C) The chemical composition of the cell membrane
(D) The presence of an inelastic cell wall
(E) The relative number of nucleoli
Which of the following best describes the effect on heart action of the stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve fibers of the vagus nerve?
(A) There is a decrease in the volume of blood pumped and an increase in the heartbeat rate.
(B) There is an increase in the volume of blood pumped without a decrease in the heartbeat rate.
(C) There is a prolonged acceleration in the heartbeat rate.
(D) There is a decrease in the heartbeat rate.
(E) There is an increase in the blood pressure.
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