1. The question “What is happening?” refers to which of the following goals in psychology?
a) description c) prediction
b) explanation d) control
2. Who claimed that behavior is affected by reinforcement?
a) William James c) B. F. Skinner
b) Sigmund Freud d) Wilhelm Wundt
3. Dr. Jones probably agrees with the ________ theory of psychology, since he contends that humans are intelligent species due to the fact that intelligence gives us an advantage in the natural world.
a) psychoanalytic c) cognitive
b) behavioral d) evolutionary
4. “Children who watch violent cartoons will become more aggressive.” According to the scientific method, this statement is most likely a ____________.
a) conclusion c) hypothesis
b) result d) fact
5. Which research method involves watching behaviors as they occur without intervening or altering the behaviors in any way?
a) case study c) correlational studies
b) experiment d) naturalistic observation
6. A(n) is a measure of how strongly two variables are related to one another.
a) independent variable c) experimental effect
b) dependent variable d) correlation
7. What is one of the major reasons that psychologists use operational definitions?
a) to comply with legal requirements
b) to identify all the extraneous variables
c) so that effects can be measured
d) to explain research results so that nonpsychologists can understand
8. A good control group ________.
a) contains at least one confound c) has a limited number of research participants
b) has a limited number of dependent variables d) holds constant all variables in the experiment
9. Which of the following statements concerning critical thinking is incorrect?
a) There are few truths that need not be tested.
b) All evidence is not equal in quality.
c) Some authorities should not be questioned.
d) Critical thinking requires an open mind.
10. “There is no life outside this solar system and nothing you can say will change that fact!” Which criterion of critical thinking does this person lack?
a) Evidence is only necessary if it can be tested.
b) All evidence is not equal in quality.
c) Authority or expertise does not make the claims of the authority or expert true.
d) Critical thinking requires an open mind.
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