Aircraft fly through large masses of air at high speed, and sometimes they move between masses of air that have different wind directions and speeds. When they move from one mass to another, the aircraft is pushed slightly in a different direction, up, down, right, or left. This is turbulence.
It's similar to driving a car at high speed over a hilly road. As the car reaches each hill or valley, it moves up and down. In an airplane, it's air, rather than pavement, but the principle is the same.
Turbulence is harmless to aircraft, although it can bother passengers. Even severe turbulence usually does no harm to the aircraft, but it can toss passengers around inside the cabin and injure them, which is why you should always wear a seat belt in an airplane (just as in a car).
The actual movements of the aircraft are quite small, but they tend to be fast and sudden because the aircraft is flying at high speed.
Turbulence is most common where there are clouds, rain, fog, etc., but it can occur anywhere. Turbulence in thunderstorms is dangerously violent, and for this reason, airliners always, always steer clear of thunderstorms (rain and clouds are fine, but not thunderstorms).
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