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Cicero101 Cicero101
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9 years ago
Hello,

just for personal interest I'd like to ask how exactly incest is causing so many problems for animals. I'm aware of the leg up, sexual reproduction is giving you, resulting in diverse offspring and maintaining a diversity of genes.
But on the other hand there are a lot of species and most of bacteria using asexual reproduction with no or little penalty. I'm not talking about inbreeding being the only option (like the clownfish male can turn female to mate with it's offsprings if the former female is killed)

This issue started to bother me when I read articles about abiogenesis hypotheses. Most of them are agreeing on the idea that life started most likely once and not over and over. Hence afte the first DNA formed the genetic pool was very limited. Would parthogenesis as the perfect incest have been such a problem, life wouldn't exist today.

I didn't find anything via Google, so I'd like to know if you can enlighten me about this.

1.) While I understand that sexual reproduction arose to increase genetic diversity, I don't get why animals haven't developed a biological mechanism to avoid inbreeding problems like plants. (quote: A small non-coding RNA mediates such differences in dominance as part of a system that prevents inbreeding in plants.)
2.) If inbreeding is such a problem for many species who normally reproduce by sexual means, how could those evolve and not become extinct?
3.) Can you break it down for me what exactly it is that is causing problems when inbreeding while parthogenesis seems to work perfectly fine?
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wrote...
Educator
9 years ago Edited: 9 years ago, bio_man
1.) While I understand that sexual reproduction arose to increase genetic diversity, I don't get why animals haven't developed a biological mechanism to avoid inbreeding problems like plants. (quote: A small non-coding RNA mediates such differences in dominance as part of a system that prevents inbreeding in plants.)

Polyploid humans are 99.9% spontaneously aborted during development. Self-fertilization often times leads to organisms that are polyploid. For example, humans are diploid organisms - we possess two sets of chromosomes, 23 from mom and 23 from dad to create a normal human. In that respect, sex cells (gametes) are haploid cells. If a human happens to receive an extra chromosome during fertilization, chances are that fetus cannot survive, unless it's the 21st chromosome where the fetus has down-syndrome, that's the exception. Furthermore, the earliest humans were all inbreds. Inbreeding diminishes genetic diversity. Overtime, it happened less and less. For example, 100 years ago, kin relationships were a common thing (marrying your cousins, for instance). Now they are far less common because we have more selection. I hope I am steering in the right direction trying to answer your question. What do you mean by parthogenesis?
Cicero101 Author
wrote...
9 years ago
What do you mean by parthogenesis?

That there are species like bacteria, snails, flatworms, you name it, using (partly) parthogenesis to reproduce. And that the offsprings which are basically copies usually don't suffer from genetic defects.
Especially knowing that the genetic pool was much smaller in the earlier stages of sexual reproduction. The simplest version of my question would be: "How the hell did we not die out if there was such a huge amount of incest and hence defects (if and only if the defects were as severe back then)."
So I'm more interested about the early stages and how a mechanism developed successfully despite all the issues


In the average biology textbooks there are no informations to that issue.

wrote...
Educator
9 years ago
Aha, while incest does reduce genetic variability in a population, remember that sexual reproduction creates variation in multiple ways. During meiosis, you have independent chromosome orientation, which creates gamete variation. In addition, random fertilization contributes further to genetic variation in offspring. In other words, males don't get to pick and choose which sperm to use to fertilize and egg, it's totally random. In meiosis you also have crossing over - while this may not have been effective in the earliest humans, we still possess loads of alleles that we obtained from our ancestors, which were our predecessors from whom we evolved from. While it may have started off with a few family members, that number eventually grew exponentially. Don't also forget random mutations that the earliest humans were subject to, which lead to further variability.
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