How are the polar covalent bonds and the hydrogen bonds in water different?

1)A covalent bond is an intramolecular bond, it is found within the same molecule.

A hydrogen bond is not a chemical bond, it is an attractive force between the hydrogen attached to the oxygen, to another electronegative atom in a different molecule such as nitrogen or another oxygen.

2)A covalent bond is formed by sharing the electrons in order to fill a valence shell. That is hydrogen wanting to have a total of 2e and oxygen wanting to have a total of 8e in its outer shell.

The hydrogen bond is an attractive force based on charge, due to the overall positive charge on the hydrogen side of the molecule, and a overall negative charge on the electronegative atom. This is because the electronegative atom will pull the electrons towards it, make it more negative, and the hydrogen more positive. And then the negative region will attract a positive region, the other oxygen or nitrogen attracting the hydrogen in water.

3) Hydrogen bonds must occur in solution.

Covalent bonds, again are intramolecular, so you only need one molecule.

4) Covalent bonds are extremely strong chemical bonds.

Hydrogen bonds are much weaker physical interactions.

That should be a start for you.