What are the main conclusions from Butler and Hall’s (2008) study of use of force using data from ...

•   Use of force by the police was very rare, accounting for 0.07% of police–public encounters.
•   Male subjects accounted for the vast majority (93.6%) of individuals where force was used.
•   Approximately 88% of subjects requiring force were under the influence of drugs and/or alcohol at the time or experiencing some degree of emotional distress.
•   The use of neck restraints, tasers, and batons on subjects rarely resulted in the need for medical attention, although batons were the most injurious force intervention technique examined in the study (29% of subjects where a baton was used required medical treatment).