Describe the labelling theory of deviance. What is it about the labelling approach that makes it ...

Labelling theory asserts that deviance and conformity result not so much from what people do as from how others respond to those actions. This theory stresses the relativity of deviance; people may define the same behaviour in any number of ways. A distinction is made between primary deviance (initial observed norm violations) and secondary deviance (the labelling of someone and/or their behaviour as deviant). The labelling approach emphasizes the socially constructed nature of deviance and the resulting variability of deviance, which makes it sociological. Criticisms include: it ignores the fact that some behaviours are condemned virtually everywhere; it is less applicable to serious issues; related research is inconclusive; not everyone resists being labelled as deviant. Recommendations for reducing crime will vary.

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