Which statement best describes European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth ...

Which statement best describes European population growth in the second half of the eighteenth century?
 
  a. All of the great powers experienced population increases except Russia.
  b. Growth occurred despite increased death and infant mortality rates.
  c. The growth was due to the absence of famines and elimination of most major diseases.
  d. The population grew at nearly double the rate of the first half of the century.
  e. The population in fact declined because of increased urbanization, which resulted in increased unsanitary conditions.