During the twentieth century, women in the Middle East

During the twentieth century, women in the Middle East
 
  a. were aided by the modernist movement's efforts to improve women's rights by revisiting Islamic doctrine.
  b. experienced great changes in their lives before 1970, in countries such as Saudi Arabia and Oman, which had regimes actively working to modernize their societies.
  c. have made perhaps the greatest advances in Saudi Arabia, where women now have unlimited access to university education and may adopt Western dress.
  d. have never had any political rights in Iran.
  e. have had few if any political rights in Israel.