Ch13 Personality

Chapter 13 Personality -13906512890500 OUTLINE (Survey & Question) This outline is intended to help you survey the chapter. As you read through the various sections, write down any questions or comments that come to mind in the space provided. This is a valuable part of active learning and the SQ4R method. It not only makes your reading time more enjoyable and active, but it also increases retention and understanding of the material. TOPIC NOTES I. PERSONALITY ASSESSMENT A. How We Measure Personality B. Are Personality Measurements Accurate? Critical Thinking/Active Learning: Why Are "Pseudo" Personality Tests So Popular? II. TRAIT THEORIES Early Trait Theorists The "Big 5" Model Evaluating Trait Theories Research Highlight: Do Animals Have Personality? III. PSYCHOANALYTIC/PSYCHODYNAMIC THEORIES Freud's Psychoanalytic Theory Neo-Freudian/Psychodynamic Theories Gender and Cultural Diversity: Horney, Freud, and Penis Envy C. Evaluating PsychoanalyticTheories IV. HUMANISTIC THEORIES Carl Rogers Abraham Maslow Evaluating Humanistic Theories V. SOCIAL/COGNITIVE PERSPECTIVE Bandura’s and Rotter’s Approaches Evaluating Social/Cognitive Theory VI. BIOLOGICAL THEORIES Three Major Contributors B. Interactionism Gender and Cultural Diversity: Cultural Concepts of "Self" -1390651016000 895352857500 Core and Expanded LEARNING OBJECTIVES (Read, Recite & wRite) While reading the chapter, stop periodically and recite (or repeat in your own words) the answers to the following learning objectives. It will also help your retention if you write your answer in the space provided. (Page numbers refer to the text Psychology in Action, 6th Ed.) Core Learning Objectives These objectives are found at the beginning of each chapter of Psychology in Action (6th ed.). 1. How do psychologists measure personality? 2. What are the trait theories of personality? 3. What is Freud's psychoanalytic theory, and how did his followers build on his theory? 4. What do humanistic theorists believe about personality? 5. What is the social/cognitive perspective on personality? 6. How does biology contribute to personality? Expanded Learning Objectives These objectives offer more detail and a more intensive way to study the chapter. Upon completion of CHAPTER 13, the student should be able to: Define personality and describe how interviews and observations are used to assess personality (pp. 448-449). List two multitrait objective tests; briefly describe the characteristics of the MMPI/MMPI-2; and differentiate between vocational interest, aptitude, and achievement tests (pp. 449-450). Briefly describe the characteristics of the Rorschach inkblot test and the Thematic Apperception Test (pp. 450-452). Discuss the relative strengths and weaknesses of the four major methods of personality assessment (pp. 452-453). Discuss three logical fallacies that explain the widespread acceptance of “pseudo” personality tests (p. 452). Describe the evolution of the trait theories of personality from Allport to Cattell to Eysenck, ending with the five-factor model (pp. 454-455). Discuss research findings regarding the five-factor model of personality and three major criticisms regarding trait theories in general (pp. 455-459). Describe research findings regarding animal personality (p. 458). Differentiate among Freud’s three levels of consciousness (pp. 460-461). Define and discuss Freud’s concept of the id, ego, and superego. Define and explain the role of the defense mechanisms employed by the ego (pp. 461-464). Discuss Freud’s five stages of psychosexual development and the effects of successful or unsuccessful completion at each stage (pp. 463-467). Compare Freud’s original theories to the approaches of the Neo-Freudians: Adler, Jung, and Horney (pp.467-469). Discuss five major criticisms of psychoanalytic theories (pp. 469-470). Discuss humanistic theories of personality, comparing the approaches of Rogers and Maslow; state three major criticisms of humanistic theories (pp. 471-474). Discuss social-cognitive theories of personality, comparing the approaches of Bandura and Rotter; state two strengths and two weaknesses of these theories (pp. 474-476). Describe the role of brain structures, neurochemistry, and genetics advanced in biological theories of personality, and state how the interactionist approach to personality is blending views based on research findings (pp. 476-478). Describe how cultural variations in the concept of “self” affect the study of personality (pp. 478-479). -1390652857500 KEY TERMS (Review) The review step in the SQ4R method is very important to your performance on quizzes and exams. Upon completion of this chapter, you should be able to define the following terms. Archetypes: ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Basic Anxiety: __________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Collective Unconscious: __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Conscious: _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Ego: __________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Factor Analysis: _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Five-Factor Model: ______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Id: ____________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Inferiority Complex: _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2): ________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Oedipus Complex: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Personality: ____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Pleasure Principle: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Preconscious: ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Projective Tests: _________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Psychosexual Stages: _____________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Reality Principle: ________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Reciprocal Determinism: __________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Repression: _____________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Rorschach Inkblot Test: ___________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Self-Actualization: _______________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Self-Concept: ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Self-Efficacy: ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Superego: ______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Thematic Apperception Test (TAT): _________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Trait: __________________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Unconditional Positive Regard: _____________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ Unconscious: ___________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________________ -13906512573000 ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISES (Recite) The recite step in the SQ4R method requires you to be an ACTIVE learner. By completing the following exercises, you will test and improve your mastery of the chapter material, which will also improve your performance on quizzes and exams. Answers to some exercises appear at the end of this study guide chapter. ACTIVE LEARNING I One way to understand personality and its assessment is to practice testing your friends and family members. In Chapter 13, you were given the following “Try This Yourself” exercise: Before going on, answer “true" or “false'' to the following: 1 People get ahead in this world primarily by luck and connections rather than their own hard work and perseverance. 2 When someone doesn't like you there is little you can do about it. 3 No matter how hard I study; I can’t get high grades in most classes. 4 I sometimes keep a rabbit's foot or other special objects as good-luck charms. 5 I sometimes refuse to vote because little can be done to control what politicians do in office. Using these same five statements, ask at least 10 women and 10 men from your family and friends to complete this test. Be sure NOT to introduce it as an “internal versus external” scale, which could bias their responses. Once you collect their answers and analyze the data, you will probably find female scores are slightly more external than males (i.e., they are more likely to answer true to each of the five statements). Can you explain this? Would there also be an age or ethnicity difference? Why or why not? If you would like to read more about this topic and see the original full-length version of Rotter’s internal external scale, check out the following reference: Rotter, J. B. (1966). Generalized expectancies for internal versus external control of reinforcement. Psychological Monographs, 80, 1-28. ACTIVE LEARNING II Employing Precise Terms: Defense Mechanisms (A Behavioral Skill) A critical thinker is capable of reading a description of an event and determining if this event matches a given situation or individual. Thus, if presented with a number of behavioral descriptions of an individual, such as defense mechanisms, the critical thinker should be able to determine which mechanism best applies in a given situation. By Freud's definition, defense mechanisms operate at the unconscious level; thus, we are not aware when we are using them. If, however, we practice observing their use by others, we may improve our self-insight. This also may help us replace inappropriate defense mechanisms with more appropriate behaviors. Identify the following defense mechanisms (answers are at the end of this study guide chapter). 1. A woman who was assaulted and raped several years ago in a terrifying attack has forgotten the incident. __________________ 2. John told his fiancée Susan about his ongoing sexual involvement with other women, but Susan refuses to believe it even when she’s seen him kissing other women. __________________ 3. Laleh has just read several articles describing danger signals for skin cancer. She carefully examines a dangerous looking mole on her own neck, and then with her doctor she calmly and academically discusses the pros and cons of various treatment strategies and the fact that her mother died from skin cancer. __________________ 4. Matt received notice that he is on academic probation. Because he will not be playing football while on probation, he decides to drop out of college “to do something worthwhile.” __________________ The President of Parents Against Pornography was extremely active in campaigning against the “filth” our children are exposed to on the Internet. He was later arrested and convicted of 40 counts of soliciting minors on the Internet. __________________. -1390654953000 CHAPTER OVERVIEW (Review) The following CHAPTER OVERVIEW provides a narrative overview of the main topics covered in the chapter. Like the Visual Summary found at the end of each chapter in the text, this narrative summary provides a final opportunity to review chapter material. I. Personality Assessment Personality is defined as an individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, emotions, and actions. Psychologists assess, describe, explain, and predict personality according to different theoretical orientations. Psychologists use four methods to measure or assess personality: interviews, observations, objective tests, and projective techniques. Reliability and validity are the major criteria for evaluating the accuracy of personality tests. Personality is most commonly measured through objective tests (such as the MMPI-2), which ask test-takers to respond to paper-and-pencil questionnaires or inventories. These tests provide objective standardized information about a large number of personality traits, but they have their limits, including deliberate deception and social desirability bias, diagnostic difficulties, and inappropriate use. Projective techniques ask test-takers to respond to ambiguous stimuli (such as the Rorschach "inkblot'' or the TAT pictures). Though these tests are said to provide insight into unconscious elements of personality, they are not very reliable or valid. II. Trait Theories Trait theorists believe personality consists of relatively stable and consistent characteristics. Early theorists like Allport, Cattell, and Eysenck used factor analysis to identify the smallest number of identifying traits. More recently, researchers identified a Five-Factor Model (FFM) that can be used to describe most individuals. The “Big 5” traits are openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. III. Psychoanalytic Theories Freud founded the psychoanalytic approach to personality, which emphasized the power of the unconscious. The mind (or psyche) reportedly functions on three levels (conscious, preconscious, and unconscious), and the personality has three distinct structures (id, ego, and superego). The ego struggles to meet the demands of the id and superego, and when these demands are in conflict the ego may resort to defense mechanisms to relieve the resultant anxiety. According to Freud, all human beings pass through five psychosexual stages: oral, anal, phallic, latency, and genital. How specific conflicts at each of these stages are resolved is important to personality development. Three influential followers of Freud who broke with him were Adler, Jung, and Horney. Known as neo-Freudians, they emphasized different issues. Adler emphasized the inferiority complex' and the compensating will-to-power. Jung introduced the collective unconscious and archetypes. Horney stressed the importance of basic anxiety and refuted Freud's idea of penis envy,' replacing it with power envy. Critics of the psychoanalytic approach, especially Freud's theories, argue that it is difficult to test, overemphasizes biology and unconscious forces, has inadequate empirical support, is sexist, and lacks cross-cultural support. Despite these criticisms, Freud remains a notable pioneer in psychology. IV. Biological Theories Biological theories emphasize the brain, neurochemistry, and inherited genetic components of personality. Research on specific traits such as sensation seeking and extroversion support the biological approach. The interactionist approach suggests that the major theories overlap and each contributes to our understanding of personality. Most theories of personality are biased toward Western, individualistic cultures and their perception of the "self.'' Recognizing and understanding this bias helps keep our study of personality in perspective. -139065-12382500 SELF-TESTS (Review & wRite) Completing the following SELF-TESTS will provide immediate feedback on how well you have mastered the material. In the crossword puzzle and fill-in exercises, write the appropriate word or words in the blank spaces. The matching exercise requires you to match the terms in one column to their correct definitions in the other. For the multiple-choice questions in Practice Tests I and II, circle or underline the correct answer. When you are unsure of any answer, be sure to highlight or specially mark the item and then go back to the text for further review. Correct answers are provided at the end of this study guide chapter. Crossword Puzzle for Chapter 13 ACROSS 1 In Freud's theory, the principle on which the id operates---that immediate pleasure is the sole motivation for behavior. 4 Freud's first and most basic defense mechanism because it blocks unacceptable impulses from coming into awareness. 5 In Freudian terms, thoughts or information that a person is currently aware of or is remembering. 7 Freud's term for thoughts or information that one can become aware of easily. 8 In psychoanalytic theory, the part of the personality that incorporates parental and societal standards for morality. 9 According to Bandura, a person's learned beliefs that he or she is capable of producing desired results, such as mastering new skills and achieving personal goals. 11 According to Horney, the feelings of helplessness and insecurity that adults experience because as children they felt alone and isolated in a hostile environment. 14 According to Jung, the images or patterns of thoughts, feelings, and behavior that reside in the collective unconscious. 16 In Freud's theory, the rational part of the psyche that deals with reality and attempts to control the impulses of the id while also satisfying the social approval and self-esteem needs of the superego. 17 According to Freud, the principle on which the conscious ego operates as it tries to meet the demands of the unconscious id and the realities of the environment. 18 According to Maslow, an innate tendency toward growth that motivates all human behavior and results in the full realization of a person's highest potential. 19 Adler's idea that feelings of inferiority develop from early childhood experiences of helplessness and incompetence. 20 Psychological tests using ambiguous stimuli, such as inkblots or drawings. The ambiguity of the stimuli reportedly allows the test taker to project his or her true, unconscious conflicts, motives, psychological defenses, and personality traits onto the test material. DOWN 2 An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions. 3 Freud's term for thoughts, motives, impulses, or desires that lie beyond a person's normal awareness, but that can be made available through psychoanalysis. 5 Jung's concept of an inherited unconscious that all humans share. 6 A trait theory that explains personality in terms of a "Big Five" model---openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. 10 A statistical procedure used to determine the most basic units or factors in a large array of data. 12 According to Freud, the source of instinctual energy, which works on the pleasure principle and is concerned with immediate gratification. 13 A relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone. 15 In Rogers' theory, all the information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior. FILL-IN EXERCISES An individual's relatively stable and enduring pattern of thoughts, feelings, and actions is known as __________; whereas a relatively stable and consistent characteristic that can be used to describe someone is known as a __________ (pp. 448, 454). Two important criteria for evaluating the usefulness of tests used to assess personality are __________ and __________ (p. 453). The ________ is an objective, self-report test that was developed for the purpose of psychiatric diagnosis (p. 449). If you are imaginative, curious, open to new ideas, and interested in cultural pursuits, on the “Big 5” model of personality you would score high on __________ (p. 454). __________ theories attempt to explain personality by examining unconscious forces, whereas __________ theories tend to describe personality as it currently exists (p. 457, 460). According to Freud, thoughts or information we are currently aware of or are remembering are part of our __________, whereas the __________ contains thoughts or information we can become aware of easily, and the ________ contains our hidden thoughts, motives, impulses, and desires (p. 461). The id is often described as operating on the __________, whereas the ego operates on the ____________ (p. 462). According to Rogers, all the information and beliefs individuals have about their own nature, qualities, and behavior are known as their __________ (p. 471). According to Bandura, an individual’s cognitions, behaviors, and the learning environment interact to produce personality. This is known as _________ (p. 474). The _________ approach represents a blending of several theories of personality (p. 478). MATCHING EXERCISES Column A Column B Bandura 1.____ Self-concept and unconditional positive regard. Rorschach 2.____ Major personality theories overlap and contribute. Five-Factor Model 3.____ Focuses on self-actualization. Interactionism 4.____ Focuses on unconscious forces. Rotter 5.____ Phenomenological perspective. Maslow 6.____ OCEAN. Humanistic Theories 7.____ Cognitive expectancies and locus of control. Jung 8.____ Collective unconscious and archetypes. Psychoanalytic Theory 9.____ Self-efficacy and reciprocal determinism. Rogers 10.____ Projective “inkblot” test. PRACTICE TEST I The MMPI is an example of a(n) _____. projective test personality interview objective personality test multiple-measure of personality The _____ is a widely used self-report test designed to detect disturbed personality characteristics. l6 PF MMPI Internal-External Locus of Control Test structured interview Which of the following is a projective test? l6 PF MMPI TAT Internal-External Locus of Control Test The Rorschach tests a person's responses to _____. pictures movies sentences inkblots According to Hans Eysenck, personality is a relationship between all but which one of these traits? extraversion-introversion neuroticism trustworthiness psychotism _____ is NOT associated with trait theories of personality. Cattell Allport Rorschach Eysenck This is NOT one of the “Big 5” personality traits. openness conscientiousness egoism agreeableness According to Freudian theory, the _____ is the part of the psyche that provides instinctual motivation for behavior. id superego ego ego-ideal The first and most basic defense mechanism that keeps unacceptable impulses out of conscious awareness is _____. repression denial rationalization displacement The Oedipus Complex is the major conflict during the _____ stage in Freud’s theory of psychosexual development. oral latent genital phallic Compared with Freudian theory, neo-Freudian approaches tend to emphasize the _____. importance of the superego unconscious mind impact of social and cultural influences importance of sexual impulses The concept of the "inferiority complex" was formulated by _____. Freud Erikson Adler Jung The collective unconscious contains _____. a personal unconscious your conscience the ego-ideal archetypes Rogers believes all but one of the following are innate biological capacities in all human beings. self-efficacy mental health congruence self-esteem This term is most associated with Maslow. will to power basic anxiety self-actualization congruence Humanistic approaches to personality emphasize the importance of _____. intrapsychic conflicts archetypes observational learning the basic goodness in human nature The _____ theory suggests personality is unique because of an individual’s history of interaction with the environment. social learning phenomenological Gestalt social/cognitive According to Carl Rogers, it is important to receive _____ in order to develop their full potential. psychological help personal intervention empathy reduction unconditional positive regard The _____ approach to personality is most likely to analyze self-talk. phenomenological social/cognitive Neo-Freudian collective unconscious Rotter’s concept of locus of control and Bandura’s concept of self-efficacy share the belief that _____ influence(s) behavior. reciprocal determinism archetypes emotions expectancies PRACTICE TEST II The use of handwriting analysis to assess your personality is probably _____. unreliable invalid non-standardized all of these options Projective tests measure your _____. potential abilities current knowledge and abilities your interests and aptitudes unconscious processes This is an illustration of the Fallacy of Positive Instances. offering “something for everyone” offering information that maintains a positive self-image failing to notice when a characteristic or prediction does not confirm expectations all of these options Cheerful, honest, friendly, and optimistic are all _____. personality traits motives emotions all of these options Which of the following acronyms can help you remember the “Big 5” personality traits? OCEAN BEACH SHORE WAVES The main problem with all trait theories is that they _____. are unreliable cannot explain personality are invalid descriptions of personality have not been standardized The id, ego, and superego are _____. located in the unconscious three mental structures in the psyche present at birth the first three psychosexual stages of development Perfection is a problem that is most associated with the _____. id ego superego ego and superego The problem with the excessive use of defense mechanisms is that they _____. distort reality increase anxiety become ineffective become fixated The genitals are the primary erogenous zones in which stage(s) of Freud’s psychosexual theory of development? latency phallic phallic and genital latency, phallic, and genital Basic anxiety is associated with which of the following Neo-Freudians? Horney Adler Jung Rogers The good and bad feelings you have about yourself are called _____. self-actualization self-esteem identity superiority-inferiority complex A major criticism of humanistic psychology is that most of its concepts and assumptions _____. are invalid are unreliable cannot be tested empirically lack a theoretical foundation Self-efficacy is associated with _____. Bandura Rogers Rotter Maslow A criticism of the social-cognitive approach is that it overlooks or ignores the contribution of emotion, development, and _____ in understanding personality. scientific research the role of the unconscious motivation expectancies Dopamine is involved in the personality trait(s) of _____. sensation-seeking extroversion aggression and altruism extroversion and sensation-seeking Based on heritability studies, 40% to 50% of personality appears to be related to _____. the environment the family family, friends, and the environment genetic factors An interactionist approach that explains introversion might suggest that this trait is caused by _____. high levels of cortical arousal conditioning cognitive processes all of these options The concept of _____ is essential to all Western theories of personality. the unconscious self behavior all of these options In Asia, people are defined in terms of their _____. enduring traits short-term traits social relationship submissiveness ANSWERS The following answers to active learning exercises, crossword puzzles, fill-ins, matching exercises, and practice tests 1 and 2 provide immediate feedback on your mastery of the material. Try not to simply memorize the answers. When you are unsure of your “guess” or make an error, be sure to go back to the textbook and carefully review. This will greatly improve your scores on classroom exams and quizzes. -139065-138303000 Crossword Puzzle for Chapter 13 ACTIVE LEARNING EXERCISE II 1. repression; 2. denial; 3. intellectualization; 4. rationalization; 5. projection. FILL-IN EXERCISES 1. personality, trait; 2. reliability, validity; 3. Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI); 4. openness; 5. Psychoanalytic, trait; 6. conscious, preconscious, unconscious; 7. pleasure principle, reality principle; 8. self-concept; 9. reciprocal determinism; 10. interactionist. MATCHING EXERCISES a. 9, b. 10, c. 6, d. 2, e. 7, f. 3, g. 5, h. 8, i. 4, j. 1. PRACTICE TEST I 1. c (p. 449) 11. c (p. 467) 2. b (p. 450) 12. c (p. 468) 3. c (p. 450) 13. d (p. 468) 4. d (p. 450) 14. a (p. 472) 5. c (p. 454) 15. c (p. 473) 6. c (p. 454) 16. d (p. 473) 7. c (pp. 454, 455) 17. d (p. 474) 8. a (p. 462) 18. d (p. 472) 9. a (p. 463) 19. b (p. 474) 10.d (p. 465) 20. d (p 475) PRACTICE TEST II 1. d (p. 448) 11. a (p. 469) 2. d (p. 450) 12. b (p. 472) 3. c (p. 452) 13. c (p. 473) 4. a (p. 454) 14. a (p. 474) 5. a (p. 454) 15. b (p. 475) 6. b (p. 457) 16. d (p. 477) 7. b (p. 462) 17. d (p. 477) 8. c (p. 462) 18. d (p. 478) 9. a (p. 463) 19. b (p. 478) 10.c (p. 465) 20. c (p. 479)