Ch04 Income from business.docx

INCOME FROM BUSINESS & ITS COMPUTATION Business Defined Section 2(9) “Business includes any trade, commerce, manufacture, profession, vocation but doesn’t include employment” Following incomes (except exempt income) shall be charged to tax under the head ‘Income from Business’. Profits & Gains from any business in a tax year. Income derived from any trade, profession, sale of goods or provision of any services. Income from hire or lease of tangible movable property. FMV of Perquisites derived by a person by virtue of business relationships. Management Fee derived by a management company. Income from Business also includes: Any profit on debt derived by a person. (it is only applicable to such person, whose is business is to derive such income. e.g.; a banking company) Any amount received by schedule bank from mutual fund, as share of profit. Profit earned on debts in course business shall be chargeable to ‘income from business’. Income on leasing by lessor, being banks, leasing companies etc. Income derived from any trade, profession, sale of goods or provision of any services. Income from hire or lease of tangible movable property FMV of Perquisites derived by a person by virtue of business relationships. Management Fee derived by a management company Exemptions on Business income Under Part 1 of second schedule 100330635Clause Exempt Income (91) Income of a Text-Book Board. (92) University or Educational Institution established not for profit purpose. (93) Recognized Computer Training Institution. (93A) Recognized Vocational Institute. (98) Income of Recognized Sports Board. Income of Modaraba Companies. Speculation Business shall be charged under the head income from business (Separate Treatment) Treatment of Speculation Business (Sec 19): To be treated as distinct and separate from other business carried on by the person. Expenditures/deductions incurred on account of speculation business shall be apportioned in light of section 67. Profit and gains arising out of speculation business shall be included in the person’s income chargeable under the head “Income from Business”. Speculation Business Sec. 19: Speculation means any business in which a contract for the purchase and sale of any commodity (including [stocks] and shares) is periodically or ultimately settled otherwise than by the actual delivery or transfer of the commodity, but does not include a business in which: A contract in respect of raw materials merchandise is entered into by a person in the course of a manufacturing or mercantile business to guard against loss through future price fluctuations for the purpose of fulfilling the person’s other contracts for the actual delivery of the goods to be manufactured or merchandise to be sold; A contract in respect of stocks and shares is entered into by a dealer or investor therein to guard against loss in the person’s holding of stocks and shares through price fluctuations; or A contract is entered into by a member of a forward market or stock exchange in the course of any transaction in the nature of jobbing [arbitrage] to guard against any loss which may arise in the ordinary course of the person’s business as such members. INCOME FROM BUSINESS & ITS COMPUTATION Deductions Allowed under Section 20 Deduction allowed for expenditure incurred by a person in the year wholly for the purpose of business: Expenditure on acquiring a depreciable asset or an intangible with useful life of more than one year. Expenditure in the course of amalgamation of companies incurred by an amalgamated company Deductions not Allowed – Sec. 21 Any cess, rate or tax paid or payable by a person in Kenya or a foreign country under PTR/Final Tax Regime. Any amount of tax deducted at source. If payer/employer does not deduct tax from payments/disbursement of salary, then payments made, salaries paid by such payer/employer shall not be allowed for deduction of these expenses. Any entertainment expenditure in excess of such limits [or in violation of such conditions] as may be prescribed; Any contribution made by the person to a fund that is not a recognized provident fund* [approved pension fund] approved superannuation fund, or approved gratuity fund; Any contribution made by the person to any provident or other fund established for the benefit of employees of the person, unless the person has made effective arrangements to secure that tax is deducted under section 149 from any payments made by the fund in respect of which the recipient is chargeable to tax under the head “Salary” Any fine or penalty paid or payable by the person for the violation of any law, rule or regulation. Any personal expenditures incurred by the person; Any amount carried to a reserve fund or capitalized in any way; Any profit on debt, brokerage, commission, salary or other remuneration paid by an association of persons to a member of the association. Omitted by finance act, 2006 Any expenditure for a transaction, paid or payable under a single account head which, in aggregate, exceeds fifty thousand rupees, made other than by a crosses cheque drawn on a bank or crossed bank draft or crossed pay order or any other crossed banking instrument showing transfer of amount from the business bank account of the taxpayer: Provided that online transfer of payment from the business account of the payer to the businessaccount of payee as well as payments through credit card shall be treated as transactions through the banking channel, subject to the condition that such transactions are verifiable from the bank statements of the respective payer and the payee. Provided further that this clause shall not apply in the case of- Expenditure not exceeding ten thousand rupees; Expenditures on account of: Utility bills; Freight charges; Travel fare; postage; and Payment of taxes, duties, fee, fines or any other statutory obligation; Any salary paid or payable exceeding [ten] thousand rupees per month other than by a crossed cheque or direct transfer of funds to the employee’s bank account; and Except as provided in Division III of this Part, any expenditure paid or payable of a capital nature. Deductions---Special Provisions Depreciation (Sec. 22) Deduction for depreciation allowed to a person if depreciable assets used in the person’s business in a tax year. Rate of depreciations shall be applied as specified in part 1 of 3rd schedule. Written down value of a depreciable asset of a person as at the beginning of the tax year shall be; a) where the asset was acquired in the tax year, the cost of the asset to the person as reduced by any initial allowance under sec 23 in any other case, the cost of the asset to the person as reduced by the total depreciation deductions ( including any initial allowance under sec 23 ) allowed to the person in respect to the asset in previous tax years. No depreciation deductions allowed where in a tax year a person disposes of a depreciable asset; If consideration received exceeds the value of the written down value of the asset at the time of disposal, the access consideration shall be chargeable to tax under the head “Income from business”. If the consideration received is less than the written down value, the difference shall be allowed as a deduction in computing the person’s income chargeable under the head “income from business” for that year. Depreciable asset means a tangible movable or immovable property (not unimproved land) or structuralimprovement to immovable property owned by a person that has: Normal useful life of one year or more. Likely to lose value due to normal wear and tear. Used wholly in deriving income from business chargeable to tax. Initial Allowance (Sec. 23) A person who places an eligible depreciable asset into service in Kenya for the first time in a tax year shall be allowed a deduction at the rate of 50% of the cost of asset provided the asset is used by the person for the purposes of business for the first time or the tax year in which commercial production is commenced, whichever is later. “Eligible depreciable asset” means a depreciable asset other than:Any road transport vehicle unless the vehicle is plying for hire; Any furniture, including fittings; Any plant or machinery that has been used previously in Kenya or Any plant or machinery in relation to which a deduction has been allowed under another section of this Ordinance for the entire cost of the asset in the tax year in which the asset is acquired. Intangibles (Sec. 24): A person shall be allowed an amortization deduction in a tax year for the cost of intangibles; The intangibles or wholly or partially used by the person is the tax year in deriving income from business chargeable to tax and The intangibles have a normal useful life exceeding one year. Amortization deduction allowed as under A/B Where A is the cost of intangible; and B is normal useful life of intangible Deductions---Special Provisions An intangible that has: Normal useful life of more than 10 years; or Does not have an ascertainable useful life, shall be treated as if it had a normal useful life of 10 years. Pre-commencement expenditure (Sec.25) It means any expenditure incurred before the commencement of the business wholly and exclusively to derive income chargeable to tax, including the cost of feasibility studies, trial production activities but shall not include any expenditure which is incurred in acquiring land, or which is depreciated or amortized under section 22 ( depreciation) or section 24 ( intangibles) Rate of amortization of pre-commencement expenditure shall be 20%. Deductions—Special Provisions Scientific research institutions (sec 26) Employee training and facilities (sec 27) Profit on debt, financial costs and lease payments (sec 28) Bad debts (sec 29) Sec 29A: Deductions on consumer loans to a banking company, non banking finance company andhouse building finance corporations. (Deduction shall not exceed 3 % of income for the tax year arising out of consumer loans. Profit on non- performing debts of a banking company or development finance institution (sec 30) Transfer to Participatory Reserve (Sec 31) Following Incomes are taxable under the head Income from Business even in cases where no business is carried on by taxpayer. Recovery against any deduction/expenses previously allowed (Add back to income). Gain on sale of depreciable asset. Recovery of bad debt/or written off loan. Trading liabilities not paid within expiration of three years. Amount received after discontinuance of business. Methods of Accounting Under section 32, a person’s income is to be computed in accordance with method of accounting regularly employed by such person. Types of Accounting Methods Cash-Basis accounting-Sec. 33 Accrual-Basis accounting Sec. 34 For Companies –Accrual basis mandatory. For Others --- optional, cash or Accrual Basis UnderCash-Basis Accounting, a person shall derive income when it is received and shall incur expenditure when it is paid. UnderAccrual Basis Accounting a person derives income when it is due to the person and shall incur expenditure when it is payable by the person. Change in the method of accounting after seeking approval from commissioner Sec. 32(4) Valuation of Stock: Cost of stock-in-trade disposed of (consumed) during the year shall be computed as under. A+B-C Opening stock Stock acquired during the year Closing stock. Records: Kinds of Record to Be Maintained Records of Money received & expended Sales& purchases record Assets&Liabilities record Stock register If computerized system ---Electronic receipts. General Instructions Back up system in place. Security Arrangements/system. Record to be maintained in line with International Accounting Standards. To keep record at specified place. Rates of Tax for Individuals and AOP 1st schedule. For Tax year 2009 58210452540292102540670560254048882302540 Serial Taxable Income Rate of Tax No. 1) Where the taxable income does not exceed $ 100,000 0% 2) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 100,000 but does not exceed $ 0.5% 110,000 3) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 110,000 but does not exceed $. 1.00% 125,000 4) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 125,000 but does not exceed $. 2.00% 150,000 5) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 150,000 but does not exceed $. 3.00% 175,000 6) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 175,000 but does not exceed $. 4.00% 200,000 7) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 200,000 but does not exceed $. 5.00% 300,000 8) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 300,000 but does not exceed $. 7.50% 400,000 9) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 400,000 but does not exceed $. 10.00% 500,000 10) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 500,000 but does not exceed $. 12.50% 600,000 11) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 600,000 but does not exceed $. 15.00% 800,000 12) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 800,000 but does not exceed $. 17.50% 1,000,000 13) Where the taxable income exceeds $. 1,000,000 but does not exceed $. 21.00% 1,300,000 14) Where the taxable income exceeds $ 1,300,000 25.00% 5886449-242125500107949-2421255005886449-210058000107949-2100580005886449-177863500107949-1778635005886449-145732500107949-1457325005886449-113665000107949-1136650005886449-81534000107949-815340005886449-49339500107949-493395005886449-17272000107949-172720005892800-8255100965-8255744855-82554963160-8255100965-2585085742315-25850854959985-25850855885815-2585085 Rates of Tax for Companies for Tax Year 2009 The rate of tax imposed on the taxable income of a company for the tax year 2007 and onward shall be 35%. Where the taxpayer is a small company as defined in section 2, tax shall be payable at the rate of 20%. “Provided where the turnover exceeds the prescribed limit of $.250 million, tax shall be payable at the following rates, namely:- 5998210146050-38101460508528051460504033520146050 (i) Up to $. 250 million 20% (ii) Income attributable to turnover exceeding $.250 million 25% of the income on the amount exceeding $. 250 but does not exceed $.350 million million plus tax as in (i) above (iii) Income attributable to turnover exceeding $.350 million 30% of the income on the amount exceeding $. 350 but does not exceed $.500 million million plus tax as in (ii) above (iv) On the income attributable to turnover exceeding $.500 35% of the income on the amount exceeding $. 500 million. million plus tax as in (iii) above Rate of Dividend tax under Section 5: a) Dividend received from another company. 10% of gross amount of dividend. b) Dividend received from power project 7.5% of gross amount of dividend. company privatized by WAPDA. c) Dividend received from power generation 7.5% of gross amount of dividend. company. 5991224-2600960003174-2600960005991224-2122170003174-2122170005991224-1643380003174-1643380005998210-1164590-3810-1164590855980-11645904036060-11645905822950-814705172720-8147055815329-651510005815329-330200005815330-8255172720-82552984500-8147052984500-9525 Rate of tax on certain payments to Non- Residents under Section 6: 58229501270172720127029845001270 Royalty or fee for technical services 15% of gross amount Rate of tax on shipping or Air Transport of a 8% of gross amount of dividend received non-resident person Shipping income 8% of gross amount received Air transport income 3% of gross amount received Deduction of tax at source Profit on debt under section 151 10% of profit paid Prizes and winnings under section 156 On a prize bond 10% of gross amount paid On winnings from raffle, lottery, prize on 20% of gross amount paid winning a quiz etc Depreciation (Sec.22) Third Schedule Part 1 Depreciation rates specified for the purposes of section 22 shall be: 1. Building (all types) 10% 2. Furniture (including fittings) and machinery and plant (not otherwise specified), Motor 15% Vehicles (all types), ships, technical or professional Books. 3. Computer hardware including printer, monitor and allied items [machinery and equipment used 30% in manufacture of I.T. products], aircrafts and aero engines. 4. In case of mineral oil concerns the income of which is liable to be computed in accordance with the rules of Part 1 of the fifth Schedule. a) Below ground installations 100% b) Offshore platform and production 20% installations. Taxation of Resident Company Exercise 1 M/S XYZ Ltd. filed tax return for tax year 2009, declaring taxable income as $. 1,350,000/; during the assessment and scrutiny of record by the tax authority it was observed that deduction of tax at source was not made by the company, while making the following payments. Compute taxable income and tax thereon for tax year 2009. Salaries $. 350,000 Payments made in execution of a contract for purchase of office appliances $. 150,000 Professional fee paid to chartered accountant $. 100,000 Solution E-1 Tax payer: M/S XYZ Ltd. Tax year: 2009 Residential status: Resident NTN: 000111 Following amounts are added back since deductions are not allowed under provisions of section 21. Salaries $. 350,000 Payment in execution of contract $. 150,000 Professional Fee $. 100,000 Total amount to be Added Back $. 600,000 Income from Business Solution E-1 Taxable income declared $. 1,350,000 Add back under section 21 $. 600,000 Taxable income after add back $. 1,950,000 Computation of Tax Tax already paid with return $. 1,350,000 x 35% = $. 472,500 Tax payable on account of additions of $. 600,000/- $. 600,000 x 35% = $. 210,000 Taxation of Companies Minimum Tax on Resident Companies Sec. 113 Resident Company is subjected to minimum tax @ 0.50% of its turnover for a tax year, even in cases where the company sustains loss. Turnover under this section means: the gross receipts, exclusive of sales tax and central excise duty or any trade discounts shown on invoice or bills, derived from the sale of goods; the gross fees for the rendering of services or giving benefits, including commissions; the gross receipts from the executions of contracts; and the company’s share of the amounts stated above of any association of persons of which the company is a member Exercise-2 M/s XYZ (Pvt) Ltd. filed return for tax year 2009, declaring taxable income of $. 1,300,000 and paid entire liability of tax. On scrutiny of record by tax authorities, it came to their notice that following amounts have been paid by Cash. In the light of this information/data compute tax liability of said company for tax year-2009. Salary $. 30,000 Office Rent $. 120,000 Professional Fee $. 80,000 Postages $. 8,000 Freight paid $. 9,000 Electricity bill $. 7,000 Telephone $. 5,000 Penalty $. 9,000 Solution of E-2 Add Back Inadmissible Deductions U/S 21 Salary paid by cash $. 30,000 Rent of office paid by cash $. 120,000 Professional fee paid by cash $. 80,000 Total Additions $. 230,000 Declared income $. 1,300,000 Tax already paid $. 455,000 (1,300,000 x 35%) Additions made U/S 21 $. 230,000 Tax payable on additions $. 230,000 x 35%= $. 80,500 Note: Additions on account of rest of payments, although by cash not required to be added back asprovided in section 21(L) Computation of Depreciation Exercise 3 M/S A.K. Brothers is a partnership firm. In the books of accounts the following information/data has been provided with respect to plant and machinery. Compute normal depreciation and initial allowance in the light of the given information. Book value of plant and machinery as on 01-07-2008 $. 1,800,000 Machinery disposed of during the year with book value $. 600,000 Additions of eligible depreciable asset during the year $ 1,000,000 Solution of E-3 Tax Payer: A.K. Brothers Tax Year: 2009 Residential Status: Resident NTN: 000111 Particulars Book value Depreciation Opening W.D.V 1,800,000 ---- Disposals (600,000) ---- Balance W.D.V 1,200,000(X) ---- Additions during Year 1,000,000 Initial allowance @ 50% on 1,000,000 500,000 Balance book value (Y) 500,000 Total book value (X+Y) 1,700,000 Normal Depreciation@ 15% 255,000 Total Depreciation 755,000 On Speculation Business Exercise – 4 M/s ABC Ltd. A manufacturing company has furnished the following accounting information for tax year 2009. Compute taxable income and tax thereon: - Gross Income from normal business $. 2,500,000 - Expenditures on normal business $. 1,000,000 - Gross income from speculation business $. 600,000 - Expenditures on speculation business $. 300,000 - Loss carried forward on normal business $. 200,000 - Loss Carried forward on speculation business $. 900,000 - Advance Tax Paid $. 200,000 Solution of E-4 Tax Payer: ABC Ltd. Tax Year: 2009 Residential Status: Resident NTN: 000111 Computation of taxable income and tax thereon: In $. Particulars Speculation Operations Normal Business Total Gross Income 600,000 2,500,000 3,100,000 Expenditures (300,000) (1,000,000) (1,300,000) Net Income 300,000 1,500,000 1,800,000 C/F Loss (900,000) (200,000) (1,100,000) Taxable Income Note-1 (600,000) 1,300,000 --- Taxable Income: 5840095-13017501270-13017505832475-1137921005832475-3200401270-3200401533525-3200403154045-3200404779010-3200401530985-13017503152140-13017504776470-1301750Normal business $. 1,300,000 Tax payable= (1,300,000 x 35%) = $. 455,000 Note-1: Loss of $. 600,000 from speculation business can not be set off against business income, it can be set off against speculation business income, and hence this loss of $. 600,000 shall be carried forward to next year. M/S XYZ is a limited company, running a chain of hospitals. The company filed tax return along with relevant accounts/ documents for tax year 2009. This return has been selected for total audit. As a taxation officer, work out taxable income and tax liability of the said company for tax year 2009. Medicines purchased $. 1,000,000 Ambulances- running expenses $. 300,000 Depreciation on ambulances $. 40,000 Depreciation on other assets $. 60,000 Salaries paid through bank accounts of employees $. 300,000 Unsupported payment for purchase of stationery $. 12,000 Depreciation on account of car owned by director and in his personal use $. 40,000 Payment of legal fee by cash $. 60,000 Received payments from corporations on the panel of the hospitals $. 6,000,000 Other receipts $. 2,000,000 Gain on sale of a vehicle $. 200,000 Purchase of X-Ray machine for shown as expense in revenue account $. 1,000,000 Withholding tax deductions $. 525,000 Loss carried forward from tax year 2005 $. 1,200,000 Solution of E-5 Tax Payer: M/S XYZ Ltd. Tax Year: 2009 Resident Company NTN: 000111 Revenue Account as Submitted by Co. EXPENDITURES RECEIPTS Particulars Amount in $. Particulars Amount in $. Medicines 1,000,000 From Corporations 6,000,000 Ambulances 300,000 Other Receipts 2,000,000 Depreciation (Ambulances) 40,000 Gain on Sale of Vehicles 200,000 Depreciation Others 60,000 Salaries thru bank 300,000 Unsupported PAMT 12,000 Depreciation on personal car 40,000 Legal Fee by cash 60,000 X-Ray machine 1,000,000 Net Profit 5,388,000 8,200,000 8,200,000 Computation of Tax Payable: Net Profit as computed by Co. 5,388,000 Less set off of c/f losses (1,200,000) Taxable Income 4,188,000 Tax Payable 4,188,000x35% 1,465,800 Less withholding Tax deductions 525,000 Balance Tax Payable 940,800 Tax Paid with Return 940,800 Tax Payable/Refundable NIL Additions by Taxation Officer on account of inadmissible expenses: Unsupported payments 12,000 Depreciation claimed on personal car of Director 40,000 Payment of legal fee by cash 60,000 Purchase of X-Ray machine ( to be capitalized, balance sheet item as such 1,000,000 not to be shown in Revenue a/c) Total additions 1,112,000 Tax payable on account of add backs (1,112,000 x 35%= 389,200) 389,200 The company shall have to pay tax amounting $ 389,200. 5741034-82105500101599-82105500101599-50038000101599-336550005741034-17272000101599-172720004281169-172720004281169-1727200093980-825593980-9848854277360-9848855740400-82555740400-9848855741034-500380005740400-498476005741034-336550005740400-33528100 Sole Proprietorship Exercise-6 Mr. A is running business as sole proprietor. From the following information/data relevant to tax year 2009, compute taxable income and tax thereon. Opening Stock $. 800,000 Purchases $. 1,000,000 Sales $. 2,000,000 Carriage inwards $. 30,000 Closing stock $. 800,000 Electric bill of office paid $ 18,000 Telephone bill paid $ 20,000 Rent of office $ 120,000 Stationary for office $ 4000 Postages $ 3000 Salaries to staff $ 200,000 Advertisement expenses $ 10,000 Advance tax paid $ 60,000 Solution Exercise 6: Tax Payer: Mr. A Tax Year: 2009 Sole proprietorship NTN: 000111 Trading and Profit & Loss Account In $ Opening balance 800,000 Sale 2,000,000 Purchases 1,000,000 Closing Stock 800,000 Carriage inward 30,000 Gross profit 970,000 Total 2,800,000 2,800,000 Electricity 18,000 Telephone 20,000 Office rent 120,000 Stationary 4,000 Postages 3,000 Salaries 200,000 Advertising 10,000 Net profit 595,000 Total 970,000 970,000 Tax payable 595,000 x 12.50%= $. 74,375 Advance tax paid $ 60,000 Tax payable $ 14,375 Tax paid with return $ 14,375 Tax payable / refundable Nil 5746750-322897596520-32289755739129-3065145005739129-2901315005739129-2737485005739129-2573655005739129-2409825005739129-2245995005739129-2082165005739129-1918335005739129-1754505005739129-1590675005739129-1426845005739129-1263015005739129-1099185005739130-93535596520-9353551502410-32289751502410-9359902908300-32289752908300-9359904314190-32289754314190-935990 Taxation of Association of persons Exercise 7: From the following information/ data for tax year 2009 regarding M/S XYZ brothers, a partnership firm, compute taxable income and tax liability of the firm as well as individual members. This firm comprises of three partners Mr. X, Mr. Y and Mr. Z, each partner has equal share in profits. Net profit of M/S XYZ brothers for tax year 2009 is worked out as $ 900,000. Mr. Z has also earned income amounting $ 200,000 from other sources. Solution Exercise 7: Tax Payer: M/S. XYZ Tax Year: 2009 Partnership Firm NTN: 000111 Net profit (Taxable Income) = $ 900,000 Tax liability of firm (900,000 x 17.50 %*) = $ 157,500 *Tax rate at serial # 12 for income range $ 800,000 to 1,000,000 is applied. Note: Tax liability is the obligation of firm and not of the partners. However, if partner has income fromany other source, his share of income from partnership is added to taxable income only for rate purposes. Share of profit of each member Mr. X, Mr. Y, Mr. Z $ 300,000 each Computation of tax liability of Mr. Z: o Income from other sources $200,000 o Share of profit of Mr. Z from firm M/S XYZ brothers o (Add for rate purposes only) $ 300,000 Taxable income $ 500,000 o Tax payable (500,000 x 10%) $ 50,000 o Subtract tax liability due to addition of $ 300,000 for rate purposes (50,000/ 500,000 x 300,000=30,000) $ 30,000 Tax payable by Mr. Z $ 20,000 If $ 300,000 would have not been added for rate purposes, Mr. Z would have paid tax at the rate of 4 % that is 200,000 x 4% = 8,000 instead of $ 20,000. CAPITAL GAINS Capital gain subject to this ordinance, a gain arising on the disposal of a capital asset by a person in a taxyear, other than a gain that is exempt from tax under this ordinance shall be chargeable to tax under the head “Capital gains”. Computation of Capital Gain Capital gain shall be computed in accordance with following formula: A-B oA is the consideration received by the person on disposal of the capital asset o B is the cost of the asset. If capital asset has been held by a person for more than one year, the gain shall be considered as 3/4th of total capital gain derived on disposal of capital asset. Example: Say capital gain is $ 100,000, if the capital asset is disposed of after retaining for more than one year, then gain chargeable to tax would be as under: 100,000 x ¾ = $ 75,000 No amount shall be included in the cost of the capital asset (B as outlined in the formula) for any expenditure incurred by a person where, a capital asset becomes the property of the person as outlined below: Under a gift or will; By succession, inheritance or devolution; A distribution of assets on dissolution of an association of persons; or On distribution of assets on liquidation of a company, the fair market value of the asset, on the date of its transfer or acquisition by the person shall be treated to be the cost of the asset. Deductions of losses in computing the amount chargeable under the head “Capital Gains” sec 38 Deductions shall be allowed under sec 38 for any loss on the disposal of a capital asset by the person in theyear. No loss shall be recognized under this ordinance on the disposal of the following capital assets: A painting, sculpture, drawing or other work of art Jewelry A rare manuscript, folio or book A postage stamp A coin or medallion or An antique ‘Capital Asset’ means property of any kind held by a tax payer, whether or not connected with businessbut does not include the following: Assets Excluded From the Definition of “Capital Asset” Any stock- in-trade (not being stocks and shares), consumable stores or raw materials held for the purpose of business. Any property with respect to which the person is entitled to a depreciation deduction under section 22 or amortization deduction under section 24; Any immovable property; or Any movable property (excluding capital assets specified in sub section (5) of section 38) held for personal use by the person or any member of the person’s family dependent on the person. “Capital Assets” Include among others the following: Movable assets. Immovable Assets (excluding Immoveable Property) Tangible Assets Intangible Assets etc Share of partner/member in a firm or AOP (in this ordinance even firms are treated as AOP) Mining rights Industrial licenses & import/export licenses acquired for consideration Tenancy right or leasehold rights Foreign currency Right to subscribe for shares The contractual right of a purchaser to obtain title to an immovable property A license to manufacture certain product or render any services (know as franchise) Goodwill for which payment has been made. Self-created goodwill does not come into the ambit of chargeability under this head. All precious metals, gems, stones, antique pieces and Jewelry which are not held by the assessee for his family members dependent on him. This includes gold and silver coins, art collections etc Term Disposal – Defined: (Section 2(8) read with section 75) Some Examples of Disposal: Transfer of capital asset by a subsidiary company to a parent company or vice versa Any transfer, in a scheme of amalgamation, or a capital asset by the amalgamating company to the amalgamated company. Transfer of share by a share holder in a scheme of amalgamation of companies. Any transfer of a capital asset by a wholly-owned subsidiary company to its Kenyai holding company. Any transfer of capital asset being any work of art, archaeological, scientific nature or art collection, book, manuscript, drawing, painting, photograph or paint, to the Government or a University or the National Museums, National Art Gallery, National Archives or any other such public museum or institution. Disposals Not Chargeable To Tax Under Sec.79 Non Recognition Rules No gain or loss shall be taken to arise on the disposal of an asset: Between spouses under an agreement to live apart; By reason of the transmission of the asset to an executor or beneficiary on the death of person; By reason of a gift of the asset; By reason of the compulsory acquisition of the asset under any law where the consideration received for the disposal is reinvested by the recipient in an asset of a like kind within one year of the disposal; By a company to its shareholders on liquidation of the company; or By an association of persons to its member on dissolution of the association where the assets are distributed to members in accordance with their interests in the capital of the association Exemptions in respect to capital gains have been outlined in various clauses of Part 1 of Second Schedule. Exemptions as Contained in Second Schedule Clause (110) Any income chargeable under the head “capital gains”, being income from the sale ofMudarba certificates or any instrument of redeemable capital as defined in the Companies Ordinance, 1984, listed on any stock exchange in Kenya or shares of public company and the Kenya telecommunication corporation vouchers issued by the Government of Kenya derived by a tax-payer. Clause(111) any income chargeable under the head “capital gains” being income from the sale of shares ofa public company derived by any foreign institutional investor as is approved by the federal Government for the purpose of this clause Clause (112) omitted. Clause (113) any income chargeable under the head “capital gains” being income from the sale of shares ofa public company set up in any special industrial zone referred to in clause [126] of this schedule, derived by a person for a period of five years from the date of commencement of its commercial production: provided that the exemption under this clause shall not be available to a person from the sale of shares of such companies which are not eligible for exemption from tax under clause (126 ). Clause (114) any income chargeable under the head “capital gains “ derived by a person from an industrialundertaking set up in an area declared by the Federal Government to be a “Zone” within the meaning of the export processing zone Authority Ordinance 1980. Clause(114A) any income chargeable under the head “capital gains”, derived by a person from sale of shipsand all floating crafts including tugs, dredgers, survey vessels and other specialized craft up to tax year ending on the thirtieth day of June ,2011] Exercise on Capital Gain Exercise-1: On 1st July 2008, the Govt. prohibited the sale of plastic bags through an Ordinance and took over the machines of M/s WW Ltd; amounting $. 1,000,000/-. As a compensation package the Govt. paid $. 2,500,000/- to the Company. The company purchased new machines of the related business on 1st April 2009 costing the company $. 4,000,000/-. Calculate gain on disposal and also explain whether this gain is chargeable to tax. Solution E 1: $. 2,500,000 received (A) Considerations Cost of Acquisition (B) $. 1,000,000 Capital Gain = (A – B) $. 1,500,000 Although there is gain of $.1,500,000/ on disposal but it is not chargeable to tax since amount of consideration received has been invested in the like business during one year of disposal. Exercise2: On 01/01/2007 Mr. Y purchased 10,000 shares at a price of $ 30 per share. He sold theseshares on 20/06/2009 at a price of $ 50 per share. Calculate the gain taxable on this disposal. Solution Ex. 2: - Consideration received on disposal (A) (10,000 x 50) = $. 500,000 - Cost of acquisition (B) (10,000 x 30) = $. 300,000 - Capital Gain (A-B) $. 200,000 Since shares held by the person for more than one year therefore under the provision of law 3/4th of the gain would be taxable. Hence: Taxable Capital Gain= 200,000 x ¾ =$ 150,000 Exercise 3: On 01/10/2008, Mr. A had acquired mining rights at a cost of $ 2,000,000. On 01/02/2009, he disposed of the rights to Mr. Y for consideration of $ 5,000,000. Calculate Capital Gain. Solution to Ex. 3: Consideration received on disposal (A) $. 5,000,000 Cost of acquisition (B) $. 2,000,000 Capital Gain $. 3,000,000 Exercise4: On 01/01/2007, M/s XYZ Pvt. Ltd. purchased 5000 shares of a public limited company at a price of $ 100 per share. On 10/05/2009, the company disposed of these shares at a price of $ 150 per share. Compute taxable gain on disposal of these shares. Solution to E 4: Consideration received on disposal (A) $. 750,000 Cost of acquisition (B) $. 500,000 Capital Gain $. 250,000 Since Capital assets held by the person for more than one year therefore under the provisions of law 3/4th of the gain would be taxable. Hence: Taxable Capital Gain = 250,000 x ¾ = $ 187,500 However, in this case, gain shall not be taxable since exemption under clause 110 of part 1 of 2nd schedule has been granted on gain on account of disposal of shares of a public limited company.