Cost Accounting Information for Decision Making.docx

Cost Accounting Information for Decision Making   True / False Questions   1. The value chain comprises activities from research and development through the production process, but does not include activities related to the distribution of products or services.  True    False   2. Administrative functions are not included in the value chain because they are implicitly included in every business function.  True    False   3. All nonvalue-added activities can be eliminated, once they are identified.  True    False   4. A is a variable that causes costs.  True    False   5. A cost can be differential for one particular course of action and non-differential for another course of action.  True    False   6. A responsibility center can be a department, division, or segment, but not a subsidiary of the parent company.  True    False   7. It is important that the manager assigned to lead a responsibility center be held accountable for its operations.  True    False   8. Budgeting is primarily used to determine year-end bonuses based on managerial and organizational performance.  True    False   9. Managers are responsible for the costs incurred to achieve the targets set during the budgeting process, but not the resources consumed to achieve those targets.  True    False   10. Cost information used for one managerial decision could be irrelevant for another managerial decision.  True    False   11. Financial accounting information is designed for decision-makers who are directly involved in the daily management of the firm.  True    False   12. It is more important for financial accounting information to be comparable between firms than to be useful for managerial decision-making.  True    False   13. Cost accounting information developed for managers to use in making decisions must comply with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).  True    False   14. Cost accounting information can be used by managers to defraud customers, creditors, and owners.  True    False   15. Benchmarking is an on-going process that compares a company's products or services with the best levels of performance from other firms.  True    False   16. Activity-based costing (ABC) is a management tool that focuses on the continuous improvement of all dimensions of a business.  True    False   17. Customer satisfaction is an example of a non-financial performance measure.  True    False   18. Managers face ethical situations on a daily basis, while accountants face them infrequently.  True    False   19. A person who makes unethical decisions in their personal life is likely to make unethical decisions in their professional life.  True    False   20. Ethical behavior depends more on a firm's code of conduct than the individual's personal beliefs.  True    False     Multiple Choice Questions   21. The set of activities that transforms raw resources into the goods and services of an organization is called:  A. Value chain. B. Supply chain. C. Demand chain. D. Cost-benefit analysis.   22. Which of the following activities would not be considered a value-added activity?  A. Production B. Marketing C. Accounting D. Distribution   23. Which of the following statements is false?  A. In essence, the value chain and the supply chain are similar; each creates something for which the customer is willing to pay. B. Accounting systems are important because they provide all the information for decisions commonly made by managers. C. The supply or distribution chain is a linked set of organizations that exchange goods and services in combination to provide a final product or service to the customer. D. Eliminating nonvalue-added activities always reduces costs without affecting the value of the product to customers.   24. Managers do not make decisions about future events based on:  A. Perfect information. B. Estimated information. C. Actual information. D. Financial information. E. Cost information.   25. Which of the following is a nonvalue-added activity?  A. Product design B. Customer service C. Research and development D. Rework of defective items   26. An accounting system that collects financial and operating data on the basis of the underlying nature and extent of cost drivers is (CMA adapted)  A. full-absorption costing. B. activity-based costing. C. variable costing. D. benchmarking.   27. Cost drivers are (CMA adapted)  A. activities that cause costs to increase as the activity increases. B. accounting techniques and practices used to control costs. C. accounting reimbursements used to evaluate whether performance is proceeding according to plan. D. a mechanical basis, such as machine hours, computer time, or factory square footage, used to assign costs to activities.   28. The JKL Restaurant had sales revenues and food costs in 2009 of $800,000 and $600,000, respectively. In 2010, JKL will be introducing a new menu item that will generate $100,000 in sales revenues and $40,000 in food costs. Assuming no changes are expected for the other food items, the differential operating profit for 2010 is  A. $260,000. B. $100,000. C. $60,000. D. $40,000.  29. The process of creating a formal plan and translating goals into a quantitative format is (CMA adapted)  A. budgeting. B. benchmarking. C. cost-benefit analysis. D. value-added analysis. E. activity-based costing.   30. The field of accounting that depends on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is called  A. cost accounting. B. financial accounting. C. managerial accounting. D. responsibility accounting. E. international accounting.   31. Which field of accounting emphasizes relevancy over comparability?  A. Cost accounting. B. Financial accounting. C. Responsibility accounting. D. International accounting.   32. The just-in-time (JIT) methods of production focuses on  A. increasing sales revenue. B. reducing inventories. C. increasing customer service. D. reducing operating expenses. E. increasing product quality.   33. The primary reason for adopting total quality management (TQM) is to achieve (CIA adapted)  A. reduced delivery time. B. reduced delivery charges. C. greater customer satisfaction. D. greater employee participation. E. better managerial decisions.   34. According to the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), the final step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to  A. resign from the organization. B. call the IMA's ethics hotline. C. report the circumstances to a local newspaper. D. consult with an objective, independent advisor. E. discuss the situation with an immediate supervisor.   35. According to the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), the first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to  A. resign from the organization. B. call the IMA's ethics hotline. C. report the circumstances to a local newspaper. D. consult with an objective, independent advisor. E. discuss the situation with an immediate supervisor.   36. Which of the following is not one of the basic standards of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Code of Ethics?  A. Competence B. Confidentiality C. Honesty D. Integrity E. Credibility   37. Which of the following is not one of the overarching ethical principles of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Code of Ethics?  A. Competence B. Responsibility C. Honesty D. Objectivity E. Fairness   38. The financial plan of the revenues and resources needed to carry out activities and meet financial goals is called  A. performance measure B. benchmarking C. budgeting D. responsibility center E. lean accounting   39. The cost accounting system that minimizes wasteful or unnecessary transaction processes is  A. performance measure B. benchmarking C. budgeting D. responsibility center E. lean accounting   40. Continual process of measuring a company's own products, services or activities against competitors' performance is  A. performance measure B. benchmarking C. budgeting D. responsibility center E. lean accounting   41. The costing method that first assigns costs to activities and then assigns them to products based on the products' consumption of activities is called  A. lean accounting B. responsibility centers C. activity-based costing D. budgeting E. outsourcing   42. Having one or more of the firms' activities performed by another firm or individual in the supply or distribution chain is called  A. lean accounting B. responsibility centers C. activity-based costing D. budgeting E. outsourcing   43. The system that identifies the costs of producing low-quality items is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning   44. The system that allows firms to target profitable customers by assessing customer revenue and costs is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning   45. Information technology that links the various processes of the company into a single comprehensive information system is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning   46. A management method by which the organization seeks to excel on all dimensions of quality is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning   47. Which of the following is not a key financial manager in an organization?  A. Chief financial officer B. Treasurer C. External auditor D. Controller E. Cost accountant   48. Which of the following is not normally considered part of the value chain?  A. Research and development B. Purchasing C. Administration D. Distribution E. Customer service   49. In 2010, the Turnkey Company had consulting revenues of $1,000,000 while costs were $750,000. In 2011, Turnkey will be introducing a new service that will generate $150,000 in sales revenues and $60,000 in costs. Assuming no changes are expected for the other services, the differential operating profit for 2011 is  A. $250,000. B. $150,000. C. $90,000. D. $60,000.   50. In 2010, the MoreForLess Company had revenues of $2,000,000 while costs were $1,500,000. In 2011, MoreForLess will be introducing a new product line that will generate $200,000 in sales revenues and $160,000 in costs. Assuming no changes are expected for the other products, the differential operating profit for 2011 is  A. $540,000. B. $200,000. C. $160,000. D. $40,000.   51. Moving of inventory is an example of a(n)  A. cost-benefit analysis B. value-added activity C. activity-based cost D. nonvalue-added activity   52. Costs that change in response to a particular course of action are  A. differential costs B. cost-benefit analysis C. activity-based costs D. cost drivers     Essay Questions   53. Honda incurs many types of costs in its operations. Required: For each cost in the following table, identify the stage in the value chain where the cost is incurred.             54. Northern King is an integrated provider of genetically engineered corn. Many types of costs are incurred in its operations. Required: For each cost in the following table, identify the stage in the value chain where the cost is incurred.             55. Cindy's Limo Service provides transportation services in and around Middleville. Its profits have been declining, and management is planning to add a package delivery service that is expected to increase revenue by $275,000 per year. The total cost to lease additional delivery vehicles from the local dealer is $60,000 per year. The present manager will continue to supervise all services. Due to expansion, however, the labor costs and utilities would increase by 40%. Rent and other costs will increase by 15%.    Prepare a report of the differential costs and revenues if the delivery service is added. Should management start up the delivery service? Explain your answer.          56. Looman Inc. is a management consulting firm that specializes in management training programs. In-Line Mfg has approached Looman to contract for management training for a year period. Last year's income statement for Looman is as follows:    To satisfy the In-Line contract, another part-time trainer will need to be hired at $42,000. Supplies will increase by 12% and other costs by 15%. New equipment of $2,500 will need to be lease. (a) What are the differential costs that would be incurred as a result of taking the In-Line contract? (b) If In-Line will pay $55,000 for one year, should Looman accept the contract? Explain your answer.          57. The owner of a small retail business asks, "Why do I need cost accountants? My CPA produces financial statements, which are sufficient for me to discover my costs. Look at my Income Statement. I expect sales to increase by 10% next year, so I am planning on a 10% increase in profits. I don't need a cost accountant to tell me that."    Required: Use your knowledge of the concept of differential costs and explain why a cost accountant would question the conclusion that a 10% increase in sales would yield a 10% increase in profit.          58. Create a diagram of the value chain by putting the following components into the correct order: a) purchasing; b) marketing and sales; c) research and development; d) customer service; e) distribution; f) design; g) production.          59. Explain the difference between a value chain, a supply chain, and a distribution chain.  60. Compare financial accounting and cost accounting using the following concepts: users of the information; important criteria; who establishes or defines the system; and how to determine an accounting treatment.  61. The IMA Code of Ethics describes three basic steps a cost accountant should take when faced with an ethical conflict: Discuss, clarify, consult. Describe each of these three steps.      62. Respond to this comment: "Since cost accountants just prepare accounting data for internal management, cost accountants do not need to be concerned with GAAP or IFRS."          Cost Accounting: Information for Decision Making Answer Key     True / False Questions   1. The value chain comprises activities from research and development through the production process, but does not include activities related to the distribution of products or services.  FALSE distribution is included in the value chain   2. Administrative functions are not included in the value chain because they are implicitly included in every business function.  TRUE administrative functions are a part of every business function rather than being separate   3. All nonvalue-added activities can be eliminated, once they are identified.  FALSE not ALL of the activities can be eliminated, but it may be possible to reduce them   4. A is a variable that causes costs.  TRUE this is the definition of the term   5. A cost can be differential for one particular course of action and non-differential for another course of action.  TRUE the identification of a differential cost is dependent upon the context   6. A responsibility center can be a department, division, or segment, but not a subsidiary of the parent company.  FALSE a responsibility center can be any of these   7. It is important that the manager assigned to lead a responsibility center be held accountable for its operations.  TRUE responsibility does not work without accountability   8. Budgeting is primarily used to determine year-end bonuses based on managerial and organizational performance.  FALSE budgeting is used primarily for planning   9. Managers are responsible for the costs incurred to achieve the targets set during the budgeting process, but not the resources consumed to achieve those targets.  FALSE managers are held responsible for both costs and resources   10. Cost information used for one managerial decision could be irrelevant for another managerial decision.  TRUE the identification of a differential cost is dependent upon the context   11. Financial accounting information is designed for decision-makers who are directly involved in the daily management of the firm.  FALSE financial accounting is designed for external parties; cost accounting is designed for managers   12. It is more important for financial accounting information to be comparable between firms than to be useful for managerial decision-making.  TRUE financial accounting is used to compare across companies; cost accounting is used by managers   13. Cost accounting information developed for managers to use in making decisions must comply with generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP).  FALSE decision relevance is more important than GAAP   14. Cost accounting information can be used by managers to defraud customers, creditors, and owners.  TRUE any accounting information can be used to defraud   15. Benchmarking is an on-going process that compares a company's products or services with the best levels of performance from other firms.  TRUE this is the definition of benchmarking   16. Activity-based costing (ABC) is a management tool that focuses on the continuous improvement of all dimensions of a business.  FALSE ABC focuses on the activities that cause costs   17. Customer satisfaction is an example of a non-financial performance measure.  TRUE very few customer satisfaction measures are financial in nature   18. Managers face ethical situations on a daily basis, while accountants face them infrequently.  FALSE accountants also frequently face ethical situations   19. A person who makes unethical decisions in their personal life is likely to make unethical decisions in their professional life.  TRUE ethics are a result of an internal moral compass   20. Ethical behavior depends more on a firm's code of conduct than the individual's personal beliefs.  FALSE ethics are the result of internal decisions rather than being imposed     Multiple Choice Questions   21. The set of activities that transforms raw resources into the goods and services of an organization is called:  A. Value chain. B. Supply chain. C. Demand chain. D. Cost-benefit analysis. this is the definition of value chain   22. Which of the following activities would not be considered a value-added activity?  A. Production B. Marketing C. Accounting D. Distribution accounting for something does not add value   23. Which of the following statements is false?  A. In essence, the value chain and the supply chain are similar; each creates something for which the customer is willing to pay. B. Accounting systems are important because they provide all the information for decisions commonly made by managers. C. The supply or distribution chain is a linked set of organizations that exchange goods and services in combination to provide a final product or service to the customer. D. Eliminating nonvalue-added activities always reduces costs without affecting the value of the product to customers. the accounting system does not provide ALL of the information needed   24. Managers do not make decisions about future events based on:  A. Perfect information. B. Estimated information. C. Actual information. D. Financial information. E. Cost information. perfect information is never available, there is always some uncertainty   25. Which of the following is a nonvalue-added activity?  A. Product design B. Customer service C. Research and development D. Rework of defective items performing a task correctly adds value; correcting mistakes does not   26. An accounting system that collects financial and operating data on the basis of the underlying nature and extent of cost drivers is (CMA adapted)  A. full-absorption costing. B. activity-based costing. C. variable costing. D. benchmarking. the key term is "cost drivers"   27. Cost drivers are (CMA adapted)  A. activities that cause costs to increase as the activity increases. B. accounting techniques and practices used to control costs. C. accounting reimbursements used to evaluate whether performance is proceeding according to plan. D. a mechanical basis, such as machine hours, computer time, or factory square footage, used to assign costs to activities. this is the definition of a cost driver   28. The JKL Restaurant had sales revenues and food costs in 2009 of $800,000 and $600,000, respectively. In 2010, JKL will be introducing a new menu item that will generate $100,000 in sales revenues and $40,000 in food costs. Assuming no changes are expected for the other food items, the differential operating profit for 2010 is  A. $260,000. B. $100,000. C. $60,000. D. $40,000. $100,000 - 40,000 = $60,000   29. The process of creating a formal plan and translating goals into a quantitative format is (CMA adapted)  A. budgeting. B. benchmarking. C. cost-benefit analysis. D. value-added analysis. E. activity-based costing. this is the definition of budgeting   30. The field of accounting that depends on generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) is called  A. cost accounting. B. financial accounting. C. managerial accounting. D. responsibility accounting. E. international accounting. cost, managerial, and responsibility accounting do not depend on GAAP, international accounting is based on IFRS   31. Which field of accounting emphasizes relevancy over comparability?  A. Cost accounting. B. Financial accounting. C. Responsibility accounting. D. International accounting. this is a fundamental concept of cost accounting   32. The just-in-time (JIT) methods of production focuses on  A. increasing sales revenue. B. reducing inventories. C. increasing customer service. D. reducing operating expenses. E. increasing product quality. the focus is on reducing inventories, the other items are all results or outcomes   33. The primary reason for adopting total quality management (TQM) is to achieve (CIA adapted)  A. reduced delivery time. B. reduced delivery charges. C. greater customer satisfaction. D. greater employee participation. E. better managerial decisions. TQM focuses on the customer   34. According to the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), the final step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to  A. resign from the organization. B. call the IMA's ethics hotline. C. report the circumstances to a local newspaper. D. consult with an objective, independent advisor. E. discuss the situation with an immediate supervisor. resigning is a last step, the other four attempt to resolve the dilemma   35. According to the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA), the first step in resolving an ethical dilemma is to  A. resign from the organization. B. call the IMA's ethics hotline. C. report the circumstances to a local newspaper. D. consult with an objective, independent advisor. E. discuss the situation with an immediate supervisor. it is best to deal with the immediate problem before bringing in outsiders   36. Which of the following is not one of the basic standards of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Code of Ethics?  A. Competence B. Confidentiality C. Honesty D. Integrity E. Credibility based on the Code of Ethics   37. Which of the following is not one of the overarching ethical principles of the Institute of Management Accountants (IMA) Code of Ethics?  A. Competence B. Responsibility C. Honesty D. Objectivity E. Fairness based on the Code of Ethics   38. The financial plan of the revenues and resources needed to carry out activities and meet financial goals is called  A. performance measure B. benchmarking C. budgeting D. responsibility center E. lean accounting this is the definition of budgeting   39. The cost accounting system that minimizes wasteful or unnecessary transaction processes is  A. performance measure B. benchmarking C. budgeting D. responsibility center E. lean accounting this is the definition of lean accounting   40. Continual process of measuring a company's own products, services or activities against competitors' performance is  A. performance measure B. benchmarking C. budgeting D. responsibility center E. lean accounting this is the definition of benchmarking   41. The costing method that first assigns costs to activities and then assigns them to products based on the products' consumption of activities is called  A. lean accounting B. responsibility centers C. activity-based costing D. budgeting E. outsourcing this is a basic concept of ABC   42. Having one or more of the firms' activities performed by another firm or individual in the supply or distribution chain is called  A. lean accounting B. responsibility centers C. activity-based costing D. budgeting E. outsourcing this is a definition of outsourcing   43. The system that identifies the costs of producing low-quality items is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning this is a definition of cost of quality   44. The system that allows firms to target profitable customers by assessing customer revenue and costs is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning this is a definition of CRM   45. Information technology that links the various processes of the company into a single comprehensive information system is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning this is a definition of ERP   46. A management method by which the organization seeks to excel on all dimensions of quality is called  A. customer relationship management B. distribution chain C. total quality management D. cost of quality E. enterprise resource planning key words are "management method"; cost of quality is a measurement approach   47. Which of the following is not a key financial manager in an organization?  A. Chief financial officer B. Treasurer C. External auditor D. Controller E. Cost accountant the external auditor is not a financial manager of an the organization   48. Which of the following is not normally considered part of the value chain?  A. Research and development B. Purchasing C. Administration D. Distribution E. Customer service administration is imbedded in all of the business functions; it is not separate   49. In 2010, the Turnkey Company had consulting revenues of $1,000,000 while costs were $750,000. In 2011, Turnkey will be introducing a new service that will generate $150,000 in sales revenues and $60,000 in costs. Assuming no changes are expected for the other services, the differential operating profit for 2011 is  A. $250,000. B. $150,000. C. $90,000. D. $60,000. $150,000 - 60,000 = $90,000   50. In 2010, the MoreForLess Company had revenues of $2,000,000 while costs were $1,500,000. In 2011, MoreForLess will be introducing a new product line that will generate $200,000 in sales revenues and $160,000 in costs. Assuming no changes are expected for the other products, the differential operating profit for 2011 is  A. $540,000. B. $200,000. C. $160,000. D. $40,000. $200,000 - 160,000 = $40,000   51. Moving of inventory is an example of a(n)  A. cost-benefit analysis B. value-added activity C. activity-based cost D. nonvalue-added activity producing product adds value, moving it around does not   52. Costs that change in response to a particular course of action are  A. differential costs B. cost-benefit analysis C. activity-based costs D. cost drivers this is a definition of differential costs     Essay Questions   53. Honda incurs many types of costs in its operations. Required: For each cost in the following table, identify the stage in the value chain where the cost is incurred.          54. Northern King is an integrated provider of genetically engineered corn. Many types of costs are incurred in its operations. Required: For each cost in the following table, identify the stage in the value chain where the cost is incurred.          55. Cindy's Limo Service provides transportation services in and around Middleville. Its profits have been declining, and management is planning to add a package delivery service that is expected to increase revenue by $275,000 per year. The total cost to lease additional delivery vehicles from the local dealer is $60,000 per year. The present manager will continue to supervise all services. Due to expansion, however, the labor costs and utilities would increase by 40%. Rent and other costs will increase by 15%.    Prepare a report of the differential costs and revenues if the delivery service is added. Should management start up the delivery service? Explain your answer.     b. The decision to expand and offer the delivery service results in differential profits of $55,000, so it is profitable to expand. Note that only differential costs and revenues figured in the decision. The manager's salary did not change, so it was not included.   56. Looman Inc. is a management consulting firm that specializes in management training programs. In-Line Mfg has approached Looman to contract for management training for a year period. Last year's income statement for Looman is as follows:    To satisfy the In-Line contract, another part-time trainer will need to be hired at $42,000. Supplies will increase by 12% and other costs by 15%. New equipment of $2,500 will need to be lease. (a) What are the differential costs that would be incurred as a result of taking the In-Line contract? (b) If In-Line will pay $55,000 for one year, should Looman accept the contract? Explain your answer.     (b) Looman will make an additional $5,508 in profits if they accept the contract. Differential revenues will exceed the differential costs (55,000 - 49,492 = 5,508)   57. The owner of a small retail business asks, "Why do I need cost accountants? My CPA produces financial statements, which are sufficient for me to discover my costs. Look at my Income Statement. I expect sales to increase by 10% next year, so I am planning on a 10% increase in profits. I don't need a cost accountant to tell me that."    Required: Use your knowledge of the concept of differential costs and explain why a cost accountant would question the conclusion that a 10% increase in sales would yield a 10% increase in profit.  The primary purpose of this exercise is to challenge students to think beyond the material presented in the chapter and to write/justify their responses. Answers will vary in depth and breadth, but should mention the change in costs may not be linear, some costs are certainly fixed and others are variable, and the above changes are based on estimates of changes in the cost drivers.  58. Create a diagram of the value chain by putting the following components into the correct order: a) purchasing; b) marketing and sales; c) research and development; d) customer service; e) distribution; f) design; g) production.  c) research & development f) design a) purchasing g) production b) marketing and sales e) distribution d) customer service   59. Explain the difference between a value chain, a supply chain, and a distribution chain.  The value chain is the set of activities that expand the entire transformation process from raw resources into goods or services purchased and consumed by the end users. The supply chain is the set of firms and individuals that sells goods and services to a firm. The supply chain is an input for a firm. The distribution chain is the set of firms or individuals that buy and distribute the goods from the firm. The distribution chain is the output from a firm.   60. Compare financial accounting and cost accounting using the following concepts: users of the information; important criteria; who establishes or defines the system; and how to determine an accounting treatment.     61. The IMA Code of Ethics describes three basic steps a cost accountant should take when faced with an ethical conflict: Discuss, clarify, consult. Describe each of these three steps.  Discuss the conflict with your immediate supervisor or, if the immediate supervisor is involved, the next level in authority. Clarify the relevant issues and concepts by discussions with a disinterested party. Consult with an attorney about your rights and obligations.   62. Respond to this comment: "Since cost accountants just prepare accounting data for internal management, cost accountants do not need to be concerned with GAAP or IFRS."  Although internal accounting is concerned with decision relevance for managers, the cost accountant still needs to be informed as to the GAAP/IFRS concepts regarding recording and measuring of costs.