Ch09 The Proterozoic Dawn of a more modern World Test.docx

The Earth Through Time Chapter 9—The Proterozoic: Dawn of a More Modern world Multiple Choice Questions Select the best answer. 1. The Proterozoic was a time of continent building. Which of the following was the Earth’s first known large continent? a. Rodinia b. Gondwanaland c. Laurentia d. Pangea e. Africa 2. The Wopmay Orogen recorded what type of event? a. Hudsonian Event b. Wilson Cycle c. Levin Event d. Rocknest Cycle e. Keweenawan Event 3. The Proterozoic saw the development of shallow seas that flooded the continents called ______________. a. neoproterozoic seas b. paleozoic bay c. mesozoic delta d. animikie group e. epicontinental seas 4. The Rocknest Formation is a carbonate rock deposited on a ________________. a. continental rise b. deep marine c. continental shelf d. magnetized basalts e. terrestrial plane 5. The Trans-Hudson orogeny welded the Superior province to the _________. a. Grenville Province b. Wopmay Province c. Hearne Province d. Wyoming Province e. Both c. and d. 6. Which of the following is evidence of glacial activity in the Proterozoic? a. Varves b. Basalt flows c. Carbonate sediments d. Tonolite emplacement e. Both c. and d. 7. The first ice age was dated by combining radioisotopic dating with the principle of _____________. a. Superpostion b. Horizontality c. Inclusions d. Cross-cutting relationships e. Lateral continuity 8. What is the name of the unit in the Animikie Group that contains numerous cyanobacteria? a. Keweenawan b. Gowganda c. Gunflint d. Duluth e. None of the above 9. The Labrador Trough was subjected to which orogenic events? a. Hudsonian b. Wilson c. Levin d. Wopmay e. Grenville 10. During the Mesoproterozoic, copper was deposited in _____________. a. subduction zone b. the outer core c. Stream deposits d. glacial ice e. vesicles in lava flows 11. The thick accumulations of basalt of the Keweenawan volcanics indicate the formation of a _______________. a. rift zone b. the core c. lake bottoms d. subduction e. glaciations 12. The Duluth Gabbro was the source of mafic magma for which unit? a. Hudsonian b. Gunflint c. Animikian d. Rocknest e. Keweenawan 13. The Grenville orogeny was responsible for the construction of the supercontinent _________________. a. Rodinia b. Gondwanaland c. Laurentia d. Pangea e. Africa 14. When did Rodinia begin to breakup? a. 250 million year ago b. 750 billion year ago c. 750 million year ago d. 325 million year ago e. 325 billion year ago 15. Which of the Proterozoic orogenic events is the youngest? a. Grenville b. Hudsonian c. Wopmay d. Labrador e. Keweenawan 16. Neoproterozoic glacial deposits were capped by carbonate rocks. What paleoclimate can be inferred from this transition? a. Warming to tropical conditions b. Cooling to ice age conditions c. No significant climate change d. formation of temperate conditions e. All the above 17. The Cryogenian was characterized by which of the following rock types? a. Basalt b. Drift c. Carbonate d. Granite e. Both a. and d. 18. The Belt Supergroup formed as rifting produced fault controlled basins where shallow marine condition persisted along a ___________________. a. active margin b. passive margin c. restricted marine basin d. back arc basin e. midocean ridge 19. The Grand Canyon Supergroup correlates to which of the following units? a. Vishnu Schist b. Tapeats Sandstone c. Animikian d. Belt Supergroup e. Keweenawan 20. What type of unconformity sits between the Vishnu Schist and the Grand Canyon Supergroup? a. Angular unconformity b. Disconformity c. Paraconformity d. Circular unconformity e. Nonconformity 21. Metazoans appeared during the __________________. a. Paleoproterozoic. b. Mesoproterozoic. c. Neoproterozoic. d. Paleozoic. e. Mesozoic. 22. What reason has been put forth for the decline of the stromatolites? a. Farmers b. Omnivores c. Meteorite strikes d. Grazers e. All of the above 23. The Gunflint Chert contains an extensive but diverse collection of ___________. a. acritarchs b. eukaryotes photosynthetic organisms c. prokaryotes photosynthetic organisms d. fermentors e. iron-oxidizing bacteria 24. Breakdown products of the ___________ have been found in Gunflint rocks. a. chlorophyll b. chemosynthesis c. botulism d. mitosis e. None of the above 25. What characteristic is used to distinguish prokaryote from eukaryote fossils? a. shape b. size c. color d. texture e. All of the above 26. Correlating Proteozoic strata can be done using _________________. a. acritarchs b. eukaryotes c. prokaryotes d. stromatolites e. iron-reducing bacteria 27. Protozoan are abundant in the Phanerozoic, but absent in the Proterozoic fossil record. What is the likely cause for this difference? a. Proterozoic protozoan were likely very large b. Proterozoic protozoan had shells c. Proterozoic protozoan where much smaller d. Proterozoic protozoan where likely shell-less e. None of the above 28. Metazoans differ from colonial single celled organisms because they have ____. a. cellulose cell walls b. smaller cells c. single celled d. shells e. more than one type of cells 29. The first large group of Metazoans in the Proterozoic is called ____________. a. Gunflint group b. fish c. Ediacaran Biota d. Acritarchs e. Shelly fossils 30. Which of the forms of Ediacaran Biota resemble modern sea pens? a. Discoidal b. Frond like c. Elongate d. Black e. None of the above 31. Kimberella has bilateral symmetry and a ruffle that is interpreted as the edge of the mantle. What modern phylum does Kimberella resemble? a. Echinodermata b. Mollusca c. Bryozoa d. Cnidaria e. Porifera 32. Ediacaran Biota may not be related to any modern Phyla. Which of the following is used to support this conclusion? a. No hard parts b. General morphology c. Ediacaran fossil impressions are made in coarse sand d. Only soft parts have been found e. None of the above 33. The sudden appearance of Ediacaran Biota is related to which event? a. Beginning of an ice age b. First appearance of sandstone in the geologic record c. Growth of continents d. Meteorite impact e. The end of a major ice age 34. Which of the following is a possible reason for the poor fossil record prior to the appearance of the Ediacaran Biota? a. Ice covering the oceans b. Most organisms were soft bodied c. Most organisms were hard bodied d. Extensive epicontinental seas e. Both a. and b. 35. Cloudina has been interpreted to be a shell bearing fossil of a _____________. a. spider b. Mollusca c. Bryozoa d. annelid worm e. Porifera 36. Trace fossils appeared after the Varangian glaciations. What kind of trace fossils were these? a. Burrows b. Tail drags c. Tracks d. Root casts e. Both a. and b. 37. Where did much of the initial oxygen produced by photosynthesis end up? a. CO2 b. Bonded to iron c. In the atmosphere d. Outside the atmosphere e. Dissolved in seawater 38. The increase of free oxygen during the Proterozic lead to the formation of __________ in seawater which likely contributed to eukaryote expansion. a. carbon dioxide b. carbon monoxide c. nitrate d. water e. sulfate 39. Red beds are used as evidence for _________________________. a. sustained free oxygen in the atmosphere b. fluctuating levels of free oxygen in the atmosphere c. increase in carbon dioxide in the atmosphere d. anoxic water e. the lack of free oxygen in the atmosphere 40. When did free oxygen levels reach modern day percentages? a. Proterozoic b. Cambrian c. Neoproterozoic d. Hadean e. Mesozoic Answers to Questions 1. c 11. a 21. c 31. b 2. b 12. e 22. d 32. c 3. c 13. a 23. c 33. e 4. c 14. c 24. a 34. a 5. e 15. a 25. b 35. d 6. a 16. d 26. a 36. a 7. d 17. b 27. d 37. b 8. c 18. b 28. e 38. c 9. a 19. d 29. c 39. a 10. e 20. e 30. b 40. b TEST 2 Chapter 9—The Proterozoic: Dawn of a More Modern World Multiple Choice Questions 1. The Wopmay orogen contains evidence for rifting, followed by the opening of an ocean basin, deposition of sediment along the edges of the ocean basin, and closure of the ocean basin through plate tectonics. This sequence of events is called a: rock cycle. tectonic cycle. Wilson cycle. Rodinian event. Wopmay sequence. Ans: c Feedback: See page 254 2. During Early Proterozoic, the Precambrian provinces of North America were welded together to form a large continent called: Rodinia. Laurentia. Slavia. Rocknest. Wilsonia. Ans: b Feedback: See page 253 3. During Neoproterozoic, a climatic event occurred that affected the whole Earth. Hypotheses to explain this event include highly reflective land surfaces in equatorial regions and a decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide. What was the nature of this global event? widespread glaciation banded iron formations rise of eukaryotes global sea level rise change in the length of the day Ans: a Feedback: See pages 259-260 4. Laminated or varved mudstones and tillites with scratched cobbles are evidence for an ancient environment such as: deserts and arid lands deep ocean waters glaciers and lakes river flow and lakes shorelines and dunes Ans: c Feedback: See page 256 5. Deposits of what metal are found in Keweenawan basaltic rocks and conglomerates in the Lake Superior region? gold iron copper silver aluminum Ans: c Feedback: See page 258 6. During Proterozoic, all of the continents were joined together thus forming a supercontinent called: Laurentia. Wopmay. Rodinia. Keweenawan. Pangea. Ans: c Feedback: See page 259 7. What Precambrian orogeny occurred about 1 billion years ago and is recorded in rocks in eastern North America? Wopmay Rodinia Hudsonian Grenville Gowganda Ans: d Feedback: See page 258 8. The Gunflint Chert contains fossils of what type? Archaea Metazoa acritarchs eukaryotes prokaryotes Ans: d Feedback: See pages 264-265 9. What larger, single-celled organisms have the potential for sexual reproduction and increasing variation? (Hint - They appeared by about 2.7 to 2.2 billion years ago, and began to diversify until about 1.2 to 1.0 by ago, perhaps as a result of oxygen levels reaching a critical threshold.) prokaryotes eukaryotes acritarchs molecular fossils stromatolites Ans: b Feedback: See page 265 10. Which of the following are among some of the oldest of the large metazoan body fossils (multicellular animals)? molecular fossils Ediacaran biota Gunflint fossils stromatolites acritarchs Ans: b Feedback: See pages 266-268 11. What do we call the evidence of the burrowing activity of Precambrian metazoans is found in sedimentary rocks? radioactive isotopes soft-bodied fossils hard parts of fossils molecular fossils trace fossils Ans: e Feedback: See page 269 12. Ediacara fauna belongs mainly to this geological time interval: Archean. Paleozoic. Mesozoic. Proterozoic. Hadean. Ans: d Feedback: See page 266 13. The Ediacaran biota consists of: prokaryotes. eukaryotes. soft-bodied metazoans. small shells and other hard parts. stromatolites. Ans: c Feedback: See pages 266-268 14. The earliest known calcium carbonate shell-bearing fossil is called: Kimberella. Cloudina. Spriggina. Dickinsonia. Cyclomedusa. Ans: b Feedback: See pages 266-268 15. Which is the youngest event listed below? development of greenstone belts free oxygen begins to accumulate in atmosphere Varangian glaciation Grenville orogeny evolution of simple acritarchs Ans: c Feedback: See page 270 TEST 3 Multiple-Choice Questions 1. The eon that began 2.5 billion years ago and ended 544 million years ago and contains 42 percent of the earth’s history is the a. Neoproterozoic. c. Proterozoic. b. Archean. d. Hadean. 2. The sequence of orogenic events in the Canadian Shield during Proterozoic, from youngest to oldest, is a. Wopmay, Hudsonian, and Grenvillian. c. Hudsonian, Grenvillian, and Wopmay. b. Grenvillian, Hudsonian, and Wopmay. d. Grenvillian, Wopmay, and Hudsonian. 3. Opening of an ocean basin, sedimentation along continental margins, and closure of ocean through plate tectonic process is called a. an orogeny. c. the Wilson cycle. b. uniformitarianism. d. suturing. 4. Glaciation during Early Proterozoic is recorded by conglomerates and laminated mudstone of the a. Animikie Group. c. Gunflint Chert. b. Gowganda Formation. d. Belt Supergroup. 5. Laminated mudstones that record yearly variations in sediment flux are called a. greenstones. c. varves. b. granulites. d. tillites. 6. The gathering of continents during Neoproterozoic formed a supercontinent named a. Pangea. c. Iapetus. b. Rodinia. d. Mirovia. 7. The “Vishnu” represents the oldest rock unit at the Grand Canyon and is an example of a a. sandstone. c. slate. b. schist. d. granite. 8. The oldest rocks in the Grand Canyon region are the a. Grand Canyon series. c. Belt Supergroup. b. Vishnu Schist. d. Animikie Group. 9. The Trans-Hudsonian orogeny records the closure and suturing of the a. North American plate to the Greenland plate. b. Superior province to the Hearne and Wyoming province. c. North American plate to the South American plate. d. North American plate to the African plate. 10. The rocks of the Proterozoic that contain the oldest evidence of two continental glaciers are a. Autcogen and Wopmay. c. Gowganda and Huronian. b. Rhiphaen and Mazatal. d. Gowganda and Varangian. 11. Unicellular, spherical microfossils with resistant single-layered walls that are useful in correlating Proterozoic strata are termed a. acritarchs. c. metazoans. b. eukaryotes. d. heliotrophs. 12. One of the first eukaryote unicellular, spherical microfossils with resistant single-layered walls is a. algae. c. cyanobacteria. b. stromatolites. d. acritarchs. 13. The generic (genus) name given to the star-shaped fossils found in the 3.5 billion year old (Archean) Gunflint chert is a. Gunflintia. c. Cyclomedusa. b. Acritarchs. d. Eoastrion. 14. During this orogeny, the east coast of Laurentia (North America) lay adjacent to a block of western South America termed Amazonia. a. Greenville c. Varanglan b. Gowgande d. Hudsonian 15. The Vishnu Schist of the Grand Canyon of the southwestern U.S. was emplaced 1.4 – 1.3 billion years ago as part of what orogeny? a. Mazatzal orogeny c. Trans-Hudson orogeny b. Wopmay orogeny d. Grenville orogeny 16. The Varagean glaciation which is described as a period of extensive glaciation as evidenced by the tillites, dropstones, and varied clays occurred during a. Neoprotozoic. c. Paleoproterozoic. b. Grenville. d. Mesoproterozoic. 17. This Paleoproterozoic orogenic belt lies along the western margin of the Slave province in Canada’s Northwest Territory and is the oldest. a. Wopmay orogen c. Grenville orogen b. Hudson orogen d. Gowganda orogen 18. The Superior province that welded (joined) the Hearne and Wyoming provinces during a. Grenville orogen. c. Trans-Hudson orogen. b. Wopmay orogen. d. Keweenawan. 19. The eon we call Proterozoic began about how many billion years ago? a. 3.5 c. 2.5 b. 3.0 d. 2.0 20. The Proterozoic cyclic succession of the banded iron formations is a. quartz sandstones, arkoses, conglomerates, basalts. b. pillow lavas, basalts, mafic intrusives. c. quartz, conglomerates, shales, banded iron. d. cherts, cherty limestone, shales, banded iron. Fill in the Blank 1. The large supercontinent formed during Early Proterozoic that was essentially what we now call North America was called . 2. The sequence of events given as evidence of the opening of an ocean basin, sedimentation along continental margins, and the subsequent closure of this basin is called _______________________________. 3. The oldest rocks in the Grand Canyon region are called the . 4. A thin sedimentary layer or pair of layers that represent the depositional record of a single year is called a . 5. The orogeny that separates Early Proterozoic from Mesoproterozoic geologic history is called . 6. The formation where glaciation during Early Proterozoic is recorded by conglomerates and laminated mudstones is called . 7. The oldest recorded exposures of prokaryotes occur in the now famous rock unit known as . 8. The most significant event of the late Proterozoic that was the gathering of Precambrian continents to form the large supercontinent was called . 9. Episodes of Proterozoic glaciation are indicated by the presence of deposits. 10. The term that is given the unicellular, spherical microfossils with resistant, single-layered walls is . 11. The orogen that began with opening of an oceanic rift, progressed to the deposition of continental shelf and is located along the western margin of the slave provinces in Canada’s Northwest Territories is called Orogen. 12. Evidence for the oxidizing atmosphere is indicated in the geologic record of Proterozoic by the presence of . 13. East of the Superior province, along a curving, is an elongate structural depression called the _____________ ______________. 14. Unsorted, lithified glacial debris are called . 15. are multicellular animals that possess more than one kind of cell and have their cells organized into tissues and organs. True/False 1. At the beginning of Proterozoic (2.5 billion years ago) many of the smaller elements of the Archean came together to form Laurentia. 2. The sequence of orogens in the Canadian Shield in order of oldest to youngest is Wopmay, Trans-Hudson, and Grenville. 3. The Animikie Group that surrounds the western shores of Lake Superior is world famous for their copper ores. 4. The Gowganda Formation, a rock unit, is notable because of its surface magma that cooled and solidified to form ultramafic rocks. 5. Banded iron deposits are important because of their mineral resources that reflect the build-up of sufficient oxygen in the atmosphere to oxidize iron. 6. Life at the beginning of Proterozoic resembled that of Late Archean because it consisted of prokaryotes such as cyanobacteria. 7. Strata of the Belt Supergroup contain reef-like masses of stromatolites. 8. East of the Superior province along a curving is an elongate structural depression called the Keweenawan Trough are Paleoproterozoic rocks. 9. The Hudson Orogeny marks the close of Paleoproterozoic. 10. The most significant biological event of Neoproterozoic was the appearance of the multicellular animals called metazoans. Answer Key Multiple Choice c b c b c b b b b d a d d a a a a c c d Fill Ins Laurestia Wilson cycles Vishua schist varve Hudsonian Orogen Gowganda Gunflint Chert Rodira tillites acritarchs Wopmy red beds Labrador Trough tillites Metazoans True/False T T F F T T T F T T