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Chapter 6 - Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, 2nd Edition
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Sampling in Crime and Justice Research
Chapter 6
1
Vocabulary of Sampling
Sampling: A smaller set of cases that a researcher selects from a larger pool and generalizes to the population.
Sampling Case: The name for a single unit to be sampled is sampling case.
Population: The abstract idea of a large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized.
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Vocabulary of Sampling (cont.)
Target Population: The concretely specified large group of many cases from which a researcher draws a sample and to which results from a sample are generalized.
Sampling Frame: A specific list or set of boundaries within a population from which a researcher chooses her or his sample (e. g., telephone director, driver’s license records).
Population Parameter: A characteristic of the entire population that is estimated from a sample.
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Random Sampling
Random Sample: A sample in which the researcher uses a random number table or similar mathematical random process so that each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected.
Sampling Error: How much a sample deviates from being representative of the population.
Simple Random Sample: A random sample in which a researcher creates a sampling frame and uses a pure random process to select cases so that each sampling element in the population will have an equal probability of being selected.
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Central Limits Theorem
Sampling Distribution: A distribution created by drawing many random samples from the same population.
Central Limit Theorem: A mathematical relationship that states that random samples will form a normal distribution.
Confidence Intervals: A range of values within which a researcher has a specified and high degree of confidence that the populations parameters lies.
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Types of Random Sampling
Systematic Sampling: A random sample which selects every kth (e. g., 12th) case in the sample frame using a sampling interval.
Sampling Interval: The inverse of the sampling ration that is used when selecting cases in systematic sampling.
Stratified Sampling: A random sample that identifies a set of mutually exclusive and exhaustive categories, divides this frame by categories, and uses random selection to select cases from each category.
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Types of Random Sampling
Cluster Sampling: A random sample using multiple stages to cover wide geographic areas in which aggregated units are randomly selected and then samples are drawn from the sampled aggregates.
Random-digit Dialing (Rdd): A method of randomly selecting cases for telephone interviews that uses all possible telephone numbers as a sampling frame.
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Non-Probability Sampling
Nonrandom Sample: A sample using something other than a mathematically random process.
Haphazard
Quota
Purposive
Snowball
Deviant Case
Sequential
Theoretical
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Haphazard and Quota Sampling
Haphazard Sampling:
A nonrandom sample in which the researcher selects anyone he or she happens to come across.
Quota Sampling:
A nonrandom sample that identifies general categories into which cases will be selected to reach a predetermined number in each category.
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Purposive Sampling
Purposive Sampling:
A nonrandom sample in which the researcher uses a wide range of methods to locate all possible cases of a highly specific and difficult-to-reach population.
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Snowball and Deviant Case Sampling
Snowball Sampling:
A nonrandom sample that begins with one case and then identifies other cases, and repeats the process again and again.
Deviant Case Sampling:
A nonrandom sample that selects unusual or nonconforming cases purposely as a way to provide greater insight into social processes or a setting.
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Sequential and Theoretical Sampling
Sequential Sampling:
A nonrandom sample that finds as many relevant cases as possible, until resources are exhausted, or until no new information arises.
Theoretical Sampling:
A nonrandom sample that selects specific times, locations, or events to observe to develop a social theory or evaluate theoretical ideas.
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Hidden Populations
Hidden Populations:
A population of people who engage in clandestine, socially disapproved, or concealed activities and who are difficult to locate and study.
Mixed Sampling Approach:
An approach to sampling that involves mixing qualitative and quantitative styles of research and combining probability with nonprobability techniques.
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