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Chapter 7 - Criminal Justice and Criminology Research Methods, 2nd Edition
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Chapter 7
Experimental and
Quasi-Experimental Crime and Justice Research
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THE EXPERIMENT AS THE “GOLD-STANDARD”
Experimental Group - the group that receives the treatment in experimental research.
Control Group - the group that does not get the treatment in experimental research. Experimental research embodies the principles of a PSS approach more directly that any other research technique. It attempts to test the causal relationships between variables as stated in the hypotheses.
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Causal Inference
Cause must precede effect.
There must be an association between cause and effect.
The researcher must eliminate plausible alternatives.
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Random Assignment – dividing subjects into groups at the beginning of experimental research using a random process, so the experimenter can treat the groups as equivalent.
It is a way to increase one’s confidence that:
The groups do not differ in a systematic way,
Unknown, extraneous variables are controlled for,
Statistical techniques and reasoning that relies on randomization are used.
Importance of Random Assignment
Parts of the Experiment
Treatment or Independent Variable
Dependent Variable
Pretest
Pretest - measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment prior to the treatment.
Posttest
Posttest - measurement of the dependent variable of an experiment after the treatment.
Experimental Group
Control Group
Random Assignment
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Steps in Conducting an Experiment
Begin with a straightforward hypothesis that is appropriate for experimental research.
Decide on an experimental design that will test the hypothesis within practical limitations.
Decide how to introduce the treatment or create a situation that induces the independent variable.
Develop a valid and reliable measure of the dependent variable.
Set up an experimental setting and conduct a pilot test of the treatment and dependent variable measures.
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Steps in Conducting an Experiment
Locate appropriate subjects or cases.
Randomly assign subjects.
Gather data for the pretest measure.
Introduce the treatment to the experimental group.
Gather data for posttest measure.
Debrief the subjects.
Examine data collected and make comparisons between different groups.
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Classical Experimental Design
Classical Experimental Design
An experimental design that has random assignment, a control group, an experimental group, and a pretest and posttest for each group.
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Other Experimental Designs
Two-Group Posttest Only Design - an experimental design that has all the parts of the classical design except a pretest.
Latin Square Design - an experimental design used to examine whether the order or sequence in which subjects receive multiple versions of the treatment has an effect.
Solomon Four-Group Design - an experimental design in which subjects are randomly assigned to two control groups and two experimental groups.
Factorial Designs - a type of experimental design that considers the impact of several independent variables simultaneously.
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Preexperimental Designs – experimental designs that lack random assignment or use shortcuts and are much weaker than the classical experimental design.
One-Short Case Study Design – an experimental design with only an experimental group and a posttest, no prettest.
One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design – a preexperimental design that has one group, a pretest, treatment, and a posttest.
Preexperimental or Weak Experimental Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs
Quasi-Experimental Designs - experimental designs that are stronger that preexperimental designs.
Interrupted Time Series - an experimental design in which the dependent variable is measured periodically across many time points, and the treatment occurs in the midst of such measures, often only once.
Equivalent Time Series Design - an experimental design in which there are several repeated pretests, posttests, and treatments for one group, often over a period of time.
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Threats to Internal Validity
Internal Validity - the ability of experimenters to strengthen the logical rigor of a causal explanation by eliminating potential alternative explanations. Threats include:
Selection Bias
History Effects
Maturation Effects
Testing Effect
Instrumentation
Experimental Morality
Statistical Regression
Diffusion of Treatment
Compensatory Behavior
Experimenter Expectancy
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External Validity
External Validity - the ability to generalize findings beyond a specific study.
Population Validity
Reactivity
Reactivity
Hawthorne Effect
Demand Characteristics
Placebo Effect
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Practical Considerations
Planning and Pilot Tests
Instructions to Subjects
Upholding Treatment Integrity
Postexperiment Interview
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A Word on Meta-Analysis
Meta-Analysis - a study where all previous studies in a particular area are combined in an attempt to determine whether the causal factor studied has had an overall impact on the dependent variable.
The objectives of meta-analysis are:
Uncover robust empirical relationships.
Identify weaknesses in the research.
Provide summary statistics about overall effectiveness.
To overcome the inherent external validity problems found in most experimental studies.
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