Transcript
Cities and urbanization
Suburbs: areas that are peripheral to and strongly influenced by cites
Urbanization: shift from countryside into towns and cities.
Urban Form: is the physical structure and organization of cities, also includes land use type and lay out of cities or the built of environment. Cities can grow vertically or outward.
Urban Ecology: Social and demographic composition of urban areas, greater diversity of people due to introduction to new cultures and values, transformation of people, values and social interaction.
Urbanism: it is the way of life which is fashion out from an urban setting, relates to attitude, behaviour, values of people. Rural groups are homogenous, whereas urban areas are heterogeneous. Cities often take hexagonal shape they evolve as a result of shopping behaviour of people so the location of facilities such as commercials, centers and shopping malls, educational and community centers, all these evolve because all of us recreate, take part in various responsibilities.
Central Place theory (Urban system interlocking urban system) by Walter Crystaller
Crystaller used the following term:
1) Range: is the maximum distance that an individual would travel to obtain goods and services.
2) High-order goods and services: high order goods are found in majors cities and are expensive and used infrequently, such as specialists’ doctors and Embassies.
3) Low-order goods: very common products or found everywhere, inexpensive, can be found in both types of cities, example: groceries and libraries.
4) Threshold population: minimum population size that is serviced by a particular city.
Types of urban cities:
Gateway cities: Develop around rivers (port cities) and used for transportation, import and export, and serves as a link from one place to another. Example: Florence, Italy.
Shock cities: Cities where large population came to work from rural areas to urban cities so that the amount of pollution became high and shocking. Example: Manchester city, UK.
World cities: The cities that have the concentration of world or international corporation bodies. Any event occurs in world cities will have cascading effect on other regions of the world. Example: London, UK.
Colonial cities: Example: Mumbai, India.
Mega cities (Metropolitan areas): Cities that have high population size, about 10 million. These cities have great degree of centrality in national economy. Example: Tokyo, Japan.
Sprawl: the spread of low-density urban or suburban development outward from urban center.
Extensification ????: Spatial spread of housing development over land.
Why people moved to suburbs?
Because people want more less crowded, cleaner, cheaper real estate, less crime and better schools. However, in this case, more natural areas have disappeared as housing development increases. Also, suburbians have to commute longer distances to work and spend more time in traffic.
SPRAWL for wealthy people: normal increase for better living conditions.
SPRAWL for not-wealthy people: efficient using of resources, but at the same time a cause for higher environmental pollution.
Several types of development lead to sprawl:
1) Uncentered commercial strip development.
2) Low density single-use development.
3) Scattered development.
4) Sparse street networking.
- Pull factors for sprawl: Land ownership cheaper, better air quality, low noise, more privacy and better schools away from urban crowded cities.
Causes of sprawl:
Human population growth: Higher population, crowded cities.
Per capita land consumption: More people take more land, individuals competing, therefore, less value for each individual.
Highways, automobiles, technologies and telecommunications.
What factors influence the geography of urban areas?
1)
2)
Problems of urban sprawl
1) Transportation: Sprawl constrains transportation (heavy dependence on transportation).
2) Pollutions from sprawl: Sprawl’s effect on transportation gives rise to increased pollution.
3) Health: promote physical inactivity because people will need to drive cars instead of walking for example. Therefore, might cause obesity and high blood pressure.
4) Land use: More land is developed and used for housing while less land is left as forests, fields and farms.
5) Economics: Drains tax dollars from communities, instead of using money for maintaining downtown, money spent on extending road system, water system and other services because of sprawl, as more services should be established in the areas were people are moving to from urban cities.
Problems of post industrial cities (cities that produce from the services sector more than they produce from manufactures):
Fiscal problems (Fiscal squeeze ??? ????): The government financial system is over stretched and the government is unable anymore to raise enough revenues (????? ???) through taxes in order to improve social facilities.
Infrastructure problems
Poverty and neighborhood decay
Homelessness
Problems of unintended metropolis: people migrating to benefit from the good services sector, causing unintentionally large population, similar to what is happening in mega cities (Metropolitan areas ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??).
Cities and regional planning:
Planning
Zoning
Urban growth boundaries
Smart growth
Urbanism
