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STUDY GUIDE FOR FINAL EXAM- Carmichael’s Sections of Biology 150 Preliminary Version—Check back later for final version This study guide is meant to help you focus your studying efforts. Please realize that it is not comprehensive and does not necessarily include everything that you might see on the exam. Anything that was discussed in class, assigned readings, RATs, learning objectives, or ALAs is eligible for inclusion on the exam. However, if you know the material listed below thoroughly and are able to apply your knowledge, then you should be able to do quite well on the exam. The exam will consist of 80 multiple-choice questions. I generally recommend that you at least try reading the chapters in your book just as an opportunity to view the main concepts from a perspective that may be different from how they are presented in class. However, please realize that I try to write exam questions according to how the material was presented in class. I would NOT recommend that you spend a lot of time trying to memorize your textbook! Instead, focus your time learning, understanding, and being able to apply information from your class materials.
Also review your RATs, ALAs, and lecture notes.
Good luck studying and please let me know if you have questions! Jeff Carmichael Material Covered on Exams 1, 2, and 3 (note: I don’t expect you to focus on the same amount of detail for these as I did for the previous individual exams):
1. Discuss the properties of living organisms
Cellular organization.
Reproduction.
Metabolism.
Homeostasis.
Heredity.
Response to stimuli.
Growth and development.
Adaptation through evolution.
2. Distinguish between ionic, covalent, and hydrogen bonds
Ionic bond involves complete loss or gain of pair of electrons between two atoms.
Covalent bond only sharing of electrons takes place.
Hydrogen bonding involves bonding of highly electronegative elements like fluorine, oxygen, and nitrogen with hydrogen.
3. Explain the cell theory
Living organisms are made up of cells, that they are the basic structural/organizational unit of all organisms, and that all cells come from pre-existing cells.
4. Explain the relationship between surface area and volume as structures increase in size
As surface area increases, the surface area to volume ratio decreases.
5. Apply the concepts of hypertonic and hypotonic (diffusion and osmosis)
Hypertonic
High concentration in the cell
Osmosis
Hypotonic
Low concentration in the cell
Diffusion
6. Explain, in a general sense, what enzymes are and how they work
Enzyme only speeds up a specific reaction. The molecules that an enzyme works with are called substrates. The substrates bind to a region on the enzyme called the active site.
7. Explain aerobic cellular respiration and fermentation
Cellular respiration
Fermentation
Does not require oxygen
8. Differentiate between genes/alleles and haploid/diploid
A gene is a stretch of DNA or RNA that determines a certain trait. Genes mutate and can take two or more alternative forms; an allele is one of these forms of a gene. For example, the gene for eye color has several variations (alleles) such as an allele for blue eye color or an allele for brown eyes.
9. Describe the phases of mitosis, meiosis, and the cell cycle
Mitosis
A type of cell division that results in two daughter cells each having the same number and kind of chromosomes as the parent nucleus, typical of ordinary tissue growth.
Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase.
Meiosis
A type of cell division that results in four daughter cells each with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell, as in the production of gametes and plant spores.
Cell cycle
10. Discuss the light reactions and the “dark” (light-independent) reactions of photosynthesis
Light reactions
Dark reactions
Calvin cycle
11. What is the role of chlorophyll and accessory pigments
Chlorophyll is vital for photosynthesis, which allows plants to absorb energy from light.
12. Discuss primary and secondary growth in plants
Primary and secondary growth: In woody plants, primary growth is followed by secondary growth, which allows the plant stem to increase in thickness or girth. Secondary vascular tissue is added as the plant grows, as well as a cork layer.
Primary = length
Secondary = girth
13. Explain the mechanisms by which water and sugars are transported in plants through xylem and phloem
14. Describe, in a general sense, how hormones work
A hormone is a chemical released by a cell or a gland in one part of the body that sends out messages that affect cells in other parts of the organism.
15. Describe the structure of DNA
Deoxyribonucleic acid is a molecule composed of two chains that coil around each other to form a double helix carrying the genetic instructions used in the growth, development, functioning and reproduction of all known living organisms and many viruses.
16. Describe the internal structure of tree trunks
17. Explain the phases of urine formation in kidneys
18. explain why it is difficult to breathe at high altitudes.
At high altitudes, the lower air pressure makes it more difficult for oxygen to enter our vascular systems.
19. explain how your lungs work.
After absorbing oxygen, the blood leaves the lungs and is carried to your heart. Your heart then pumps it through your body to provide oxygen to the cells of your tissues and organs. As the cells use the oxygen, carbon dioxide is produced and absorbed into the blood.
20. explain countercurrent exchange in fish gills.
Fish also have an efficient transport system within the lamellae which maintains the concentration gradient across the lamellae. The arrangement of water flowing past the gills in the opposite direction to the blood (called countercurrent flow) means that they can extract oxygen at 3 times the rate a human can.
21. trace the pathway of blood flow through the human heart (and be able to identify the major chambers, valves, and blood vessels).
22. discuss the electrical activity during each heartbeat.
SA node (sinoatrial node) – known as the heart's natural pacemaker. The impulse starts in a small bundle of specialized cells located in the right atrium, called the SA node. The electrical activity spreads through the walls of the atria and causes them to contract. This forces blood into the ventricles.
23. discuss the role of hemoglobin during oxygen transport.
Oxygen is one of the substances transported with the assistance of red blood cells. The red blood cells contain a pigment called hemoglobin, each molecule of which binds four oxygen molecules. Oxyhaemoglobin forms. The oxygen molecules are carried to individual cells in the body tissue where they are released.
