Transcript
CHAPTER 1:
The Field, the Professionals, and the Clients
Introduction to Communication Disorders: A Lifespan Evidence-Based Perspective
5th Edition
Owens, Farinella, & Metz
Developed by Sarah A. Dachtyl, Ph.D., CCC/SLP
Chapter Learning Goals
Describe communication impairment
Describe the roles of audiologists, SLPs, and speech, language, and hearing scientists
Outline the history of changing attitudes toward individuals with disabilities and legislation over the past several decades
Describe how evidence-based practice (EBP) influences clinical decisions
Outline
Helping Others to Help Themselves
Communication Disorders
The Professionals
Service Through the Lifespan
Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective
Helping Others to Help Themselves
Reasons for becoming a SLP or audiologist vary
Contribution to society
Past experience
Communication Disorders
May affect any and all aspects of communication
Hearing
Language
Speech
Communication Disorders
Speech disorder
Atypical production of speech sounds
Interruption in the flow of speaking
Abnormal production and/or absence of voice quality
Pitch
Loudness
Resonance
Duration
Communication Disorders
Language disorder
Impairment in comprehension and/or use of spoken, written, and/or other symbol systems
Hearing disorder
A result of impaired sensitivity of the auditory or hearing system
Communication Disorders
Central auditory processing disorders
Deficits in processing information from audible signals
Communication disorders are NOT differences
Augmentative/alternative communication systems
Used to compensate and facilitate for impaired communication using different methods
The Professionals
Audiologists
Identify, assess, manage, and prevent disorders of hearing and balance
Includes auditory processing disorders
May dispense hearing aids
The Professionals
Credentials for audiologists
3-5 years of professional education beyond the bachelor’s degree
Culminates in AuD, PhD, or EdD in audiology
ASHA CCC-A
State license is often needed
The Professionals
Speech-Language Pathologists
Identify, assess, treat, and prevent expressive and receptive communication disorders in all modalities
Provide services for swallowing disorders
May modify dialects
The Professionals
Credentials for SLPs
Public schools require at least a bachelor’s degree
Most states require a master’s degree
ASHA CCC-SLP
State license is often needed
May be additional requirements for department of education requirements
The Professionals
Speech, language, and hearing scientists
Extend knowledge of human communication processes and disorders
Usually have doctorate degrees
Employed by universities, govt. agencies, industry, and research centers
May work clinically
The Professionals
Speech scientists
Basic research in anatomy, physiology, and physics of speech-sound production
Causes, prevention, and treatment of speech impairments
Computer-generated speech
The Professionals
Language scientists
Investigate the ways children learn language
Ross cultural studies of language and communication
How languages are changing
Language disorders in children and adults
The Professionals
Hearing scientists
Investigate the nature of sound, noise, and hearing
Develop equipment for hearing assessment
Develop testing techniques
Develop and improve assistive listening devices
Concerned with conservation of hearing and limiting environmental noise
Related Professionals – A Team Approach
Family members
Regular and special educators
Psychologists
Social workers
Doctors and other medical personnel
Occupational therapists
Physical therapists
Music therapists
Physicists
Engineers
Service Through the Lifespan
Individuals with communication disorders may be any age
1 in 5 people has a disability
Infants are screened for hearing loss and other disabilities
Babies and toddlers may exhibit developmental delay
An interdisciplinary approach is necessary
Service Through the Lifespan
Early intervention is highly valuable
Preschoolers may attend a special school to meet their needs
Almost half of SLPs are employed in the schools
School-age children with communication difficulties also have academic and social problems
Service Through the Lifespan
1.5 – 2 million Americans sustain a TBI each year
May affect communication and swallowing
Stroke, neurological disorders, and dementia affect communication and swallowing in those over 65
Hearing loss may affect ¼ of older adults
Evidence-Based Practice
Clinical decision making
Scientific evidence
Clinical experience
Client needs
Efficacy – ideal conditions
Effectiveness – average conditions
Efficiency – quick, effective methods bringing about greatest positive change
Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective
Attitudes toward disorders have changed
Special residences in the late 1700s
“Speech correctionists”
The Voice – professional journal est. in 1879
American Academy of Speech Correction (precursor to ASHA) founded in 1925
Communication Disorders in Historical Perspective
Audiology became a profession in the 1920s
Boom in 1940s - WWII
Select federal mandates affecting those with communication disabilities
1975: Education for All Handicapped Children Act
1986: Education of the Handicapped Amendments
1990: Individuals with Disabilities Act
2004: Reauthorization of IDEA
Summary
SLPs, audiologists, and other specialists work with individuals who have communicative impairments
Work in various settings with people throughout the lifespan
Clinicians have a minimum of a master’s degree and supervised clinical experience
Generally have ASHA CCCs
ASHA: largest organization of professionals working with communication disorders
Federal legislation mandates services for people with disabilities
Online Resources
National Institute on Deafness and Other Communication Disorders (NIDCD): www.nidcd.nih.gov
American Academy of Audiology (AAA): http://www.audiology.org
American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA): http://asha.org
Acoustical Society of America (ASA): http://asa.aip.org
Peterson's Guide to Graduate and Professional Study: http://www.petersons.com/
