Ch11-13 Vol3

Ch. 11 - Human Development Across the Lifespan Angelica has just learned that she is pregnant. Because this is her first pregnancy, she is reading a book called The Birds, The Bees, and the Next Nine Months to learn more about the development of her unborn child. Every interesting fact she learns, she shares with her husband, Dominic. 1. Angelica finds out that she is pregnant after implantation but before the baby is old enough to be called a fetus. According to the book, she found out she was pregnant when her unborn child was __________. A. a blastocyst B. a germinal blastocyst C. an embryo D. a germinal zygote ANSWER: C 2. Angelica finds out that she is pregnant after implantation but before the baby is old enough to be called a fetus. Angelica is worried that she has not yet felt her baby move inside her. She should not worry because Angelica and Dominic’s baby _____________. A. does not yet have a skeleton that has hardened B. does not yet have vernix and lanugo C. is awake less than 15% of the time D. is not yet viable ANSWER: A 3. Dominic has been watching the news and learns about the Zika virus that is threatening mothers and newborns globally. He asks Angelica whether she has read about Zika in her book. She is not sure, but she decides to check the _____________ to see if it is in there. A. section about sensitive periods during development B. chapter on teratogens and their effect on development C. section about maternal nutrition during development D. chapter on genetic susceptibility to certain diseases ANSWER: B Amelia and Rami are babysitting Amelia’s four-year-old nephew, Nelson, and her three-year old niece, Penny. It has been nine months since Amelia and Rami last saw the kids, and they are shocked at how much they have developed in less than a year. To pass the time, they decide to do arts and crafts with the kids, and then head out to play outside after a snack. 1. In Intro Psych you have learned that the social environment is largely responsible for sex differences in motor development. An example of this would be a case when ____________. A. Penny is encouraged to play with dolls, but Nelson is not. B. Nelson is encouraged to draw more, but Penny is not. C. Penny is encouraged to jump rope, but Nelson is not. D. Nelson is encouraged to play soccer, but Penny is not. ANSWER: D 2. Amelia recently read a developmental psychology paper about personality with a longitudinal research design, whereas Rami read one that used a cross-sectional research design. Which of the following is most likely? A. Amelia will mention that Penny’s easy-going personality is similar to the majority of other kids her age. B. Rami will mention that Penny’s easy-going personality is likely to last her entire life. C. Rami will mention that Nelson’s slow to warm-up personality is similar to the majority of other kids his age. D. Amelia will mention that Nelson’s slow to warm-up personality is likely to last his entire life. ANSWER: D 3. Consider what you have learned about attachment. When their parents left that morning, Penny and Nelson most likely had _________ because _____________. A. different reactions; Penny is a girl and Nelson is a boy B. similar responses; they are cared for equally by their parents C. similar responses; they are in the same stage of childhood development D. different reactions; they have different personalities ANSWER: B 4. Penny does not want to change out of her pyjamas to go play outside. Amelia wants to take control of the situation (so Penny will change and go outside to play), but she also wants to give Penny some autonomy. What does Amelia say? A. “Do you want to go out and play in your blue overalls or do you want to go out and play in your red shorts?” B. “If you get dressed now, you can pick whatever you want to have for lunch later.” C. “Unless you pick what to wear now, you will not be allowed to go outside and play.” D. “You can choose to stay in your pyjamas or you can choose to stay inside and play, but you will be missing out on fun.” ANSWER: A When Presho was a newborn, her parents consented to enrol her as a participant in a longitudinal study exploring childhood development. Every year in April, her parents take her to the university in their city so she can participate in some short experiments. When Presho’s younger brother, Anam, is born three years later, their parents decide to enrol him as well, and he participates in the same experiments as his sister, also during their visit in April. 1. During Anam’s second visit to the lab (when he is 2.5 years old), the researchers notice he ___________ and code this as an indication that he has reached _________ second stage of development. A. cries and sucks his thumb every time he gets upset; Erikson’s B. cries if a toy is taken away from him unexpectedly; Freud’s C. becomes upset if someone tries to help him put on his shoes; Erikson’s D. becomes upset if his parents are paying attention to his sister; Freud’s ANSWER: C 2. One experiment is designed to test how the children differentiate right from wrong. The children are shown a video of a child running across the road to grab a ball without checking both ways before crossing. If Presho says this is wrong because ___________, then she has reached Kohlberg’s _______ stage of moral reasoning. A. only bad children cross the street alone; preconventional B. it is against Mom’s rules to cross the street alone; social contract orientation C. her Mom told her to never cross the street alone; authority orientation D. good girls wait to cross the street with Mom; naïve reward orientation ANSWER: C 3. At the beginning of the session, the researchers pour water into a cup and draw a line on the cup to indicate the level the water has reached. They put the water in the freezer until just before the end of the session. The water has frozen and shows the ice reaches above the marked line. If Presho has reached the ____________, then she will say that compared to before ____________. A. preconventional stage; there is more water in the cup B. concrete operational stage; there is more water in the cup C. conventional stage; the same amount of water is in the cup D. formal operational stage; the same amount of water is in the cup ANSWER: D 4. When the children come back year after year, researchers hypothesize that their _________ will change, but their _________ probably will not. A. attachment style; moral reasoning ability B. temperament; cognitive schemas C. moral reasoning ability; attachment style D. attachment style; personality ANSWER: C 5. At age 17, Presho and Anam are asked if Robin Hood (who steals from the rich to give money to the poor) was morally right to do what he did. Presho hesitates and finally responds yes. Anam hesitates and finally responds no. These responses indicate that _____________________. A. only Presho has achieved postconventional moral reasoning. B. only Presho has achieved individual principles and conscience orientation. C. both have achieved individual principles and conscience orientation. D. both have achieved postconventional moral reasoning. ANSWER: D Lorant is an adolescent in his last year of high school. He is trying to decide where to attend university next year. He knows that Carleton University has an amazing basketball team, and he loves playing basketball. He also knows that his parents want him to attend Queen’s University because that is where they went to school. Both Carleton University and Queen’s University have excellent engineering programs, which is what he wants to study, so he is having trouble making a decision. 1. Lorant knows he is a basketball player who is good at math and who makes friends easily. These facts likely contribute to the development of his ________________. A. culture B. self-concept C. self-esteem D. role confusion ANSWER: B 2. Lorant’s aunt is visiting and asks him if he has decided where he will attend university in the fall. If Lorant ___________, then this is an example of identity status diffusion. A. shrugs and says he does not know yet because both choices are great B. says his parents are pressuring him more every day to pick Queen’s C. says he thinks it would probably be best to just side with his parents D. says he is pretty sure where he wants to go, he just has to talk to his brother first ANSWER: A 3. Lorant’s aunt is visiting and asks him if he has decided where he will attend university in the fall. If Lorant says he is thinking of talking to his brother about it before making a decision, this is an example of identity status _________. A. achievement B. moratorium C. foreclosure D. diffusion ANSWER: B 4. Consider what you know about child-rearing styles. Lorant’s parents are available to chat with him about the decision he needs to make, but are pressuring him to attend Queen’s. In this case, his parents are displaying __________ acceptance and involvement, but might be allowing Lorant _______ autonomy than is appropriate. A. high; more B. high; less C. low; more D. low; less ANSWER: B 5. Lorant is an adolescent who is trying to establish his __________. If his parents pressure him into attending a university he does not want to attend, Lorant will not be able to resolve his ___________. A. role; role confusion B. identity; identity confusion C. role; identity crisis D. identity; identity crisis ANSWER: D Sunil is 23 years old and is in his last semester of university. His father, Arjun, is 58 years old and is beginning to prepare for retirement. Arjun is travelling for business to the city where Sunil attends university and the two meet up for lunch. This is the first time in a very long time that the two have had the chance to talk at length without other family members present. They confide in each other quite a bit about what is going on in their lives and discuss the emotions they have surrounding the life transitions they are considering. 1. Sunil talks to Arjun about the choice he has to make between attending graduate school and taking on student loan or accepting a job offer at the government in a well-paying job that is not his dream job. What is Sunil’s current identity status? A. Achievement B. Moratorium C. Foreclosure D. Diffusion ANSWER: B 2. Arjun works as an occupational health and safety officer. He loves that his job allows him to ensure others are safe at work. He feels like he is making a contribution to society and is worried this feeling will disappear when he retires. Sunil suggests that his father look for opportunities to do volunteer work to ___________. A. maintain his self-concept B. avoid isolation C. avoid a role crisis D. maintain his identity development ANSWER: A 3. Sunil’s younger sister often misses curfew and has been coming home at all hours of the night. Arjun is worried about her. He wants to ground her so she cannot go out after school at all, but also wants to allow her the flexibility of making her own choices. Arjun wants his child-rearing style to be ___________ and not too ____________. A. authoritarian; authoritative B. authoritarian; permissive C. authoritative; authoritarian D. permissive; authoritarian ANSWER: C 4. Sunil tells Arjun that he thinks his father’s personality has changed a lot since he was young. His father is a better listener and considers many options before acting, whereas he seemed to get frustrated quickly when Sunil was younger. Arjun is displaying ___________ in his personality characteristics. A. continuous change B. discontinuous change C. generativity D. plasticity ANSWER: D Ch. 12 - Personality: Theory, Research, and Assessment John and Jenny have been dating for a while but their relationship is suffering. Jenny typically cleans their apartment twice a day and has asked John to help clean but John responded by refusing to say a word. During the ensuing argument, John accused Jenny of being too controlling and too obsessed with cleaning. Jenny on the other hand accused John of acting like a child every time they have a fight. 1. According to Freud’s psychosexual development theory which stage is Jenny fixated on? A. Oral B. Anal C. Phallic D. Genital ANSWER: B 2. According to Freud, what is a likely explanation for Jenny’s obsession with cleanliness? A. Punitive toilet training measures B. Improper handling of the transition from breastfeeding to bottle C. Unresolved Oedipal dilemma D. Unresolved Electra dilemma ANSWER: A 3. Which defense mechanism is John likely using during their fights according to Jenny? A. Regression B. Reaction formation C. Repression D. Projection ANSWER: A 4. Which of John’s personality structures “won” when he chose to refuse to help Jenny clean their apartment? A. Id B. Ego C. Superego D. Subconscious ANSWER: A 5. After the fight Jenny still feels extremely angry but outwardly seems very calm and even offers to do John’s chores for him. Which defense mechanism is she likely using? A. Repression B. Denial C. Reaction Formation D. Sublimation ANSWER: C Vicky is a moderately skilled mountain climber and sky diver. She has always been adventurous and is very keen to try new things and have new experiences. At the same time Vicky deals with a lot of insecurities and can be very hostile, despite the fact that she has a beautiful house, a great job, and is in a loving relationship. In order to deal with her insecurities she has been seeing a therapist weekly who practices empathetic listening and does not judge her. 1. How would Vicky score in a “Big Five” personality test? A. High in openness and low in agreeableness B. High in openness and high in neuroticism C. Low in conscientiousness and low in agreeableness D. Low in conscientiousness and high in neuroticism ANSWER: B 2. Which perspective is Vicky’s therapist most likely following? A. Humanistic B. Psychoanalytic C. Cognitive-Behavioural D. Analytical Psychology ANSWER: A 3. To what is Vicky’s therapist most likely to attribute her anxiety? A. Ancestral memories called archetypes B. A fixation in one of the psychosexual stages C. Incongruence between her real self and her self-concept D. Strictly a neurochemical imbalance in her nervous system ANSWER: C 4. According to Maslow’s hierarchy of needs, Vicky has not yet satisfied which needs? A. Physiological needs B. Affiliation needs C. Status/esteem D. Vicky is self-actualized and has met all her needs. ANSWER: C 5. Vicky’s father climbed Mount Everest and her mother was a skydiving instructor. Growing up Vicky tried very hard to impress and get the acceptance of her parents but she was not good enough to climb Mount Everest nor could she qualify as a skydiving instructor. This led to the development of a ________ self-concept because she experienced ______ affection. A. incongruent; unconditional B. incongruent; conditional C. congruent; unconditional D. congruent; conditional ANSWER: B Fifteen-year-old Adam is obsessed with violent R-rated movies and lately has started exhibiting violent behaviours himself. His mother believes Adam’s behaviour is a result of what he sees in the movies. On the other hand, Adam’s father thinks that things are not that simple and Adam’s violent behaviour is not just a product of his environment, but also due to personal factors. Apart from his violent outbursts, Adam appears to be bashful and tentative in social situations. 1. What does Adam’s mother attribute his behaviour to? A. Observational learning B. Reciprocal determinism C. Operant conditioning D. Incongruence ANSWER: A 2. What does Adam’s father attribute his behaviour to? A. Observational learning B. Reciprocal determinism C. Operant conditioning D. Incongruence ANSWER: B 3. According to Eysenck’s theory, which of the following is correct about Adam? A. Adam is extraverted and experiences high levels of arousability. B. Adam is extraverted and experiences high levels of neuroticism. C. Adam is introverted and experiences high levels of arousability. D. Adam is introverted and experiences high levels of neuroticism. ANSWER: C 4. Imagine two hypothetical scenarios: Scenario 1: Adam has an identical twin reared in a different household by different parents from Adam. Scenario 2: Adam has a fraternal twin reared in the same household by the same parents as Adam. Which of the following cases is most likely? A. The identical twin reared apart would have a personality similar to Adam’s. B. The fraternal twin reared in the same house would have a similar personality to Adam’s. C. An identical twin reared apart and a fraternal twin reared together would have the same chance of having a personality similar to Adam’s. D. We can’t make any inferences because the environment has a stronger effect on personality than genetics. ANSWER: A 5. How would Adam score on the five-factor model of personality? A. High on agreeableness and low on extraversion B. Low on agreeableness and low on extraversion C. High on neuroticism and low on extraversion D. Low on neuroticism and high on extraversion ANSWER: B 6. Which of the following protagonists is Adam more likely to be influenced by? A. Hermione from Harry Potter because she is smart B. Achilles from Troy because he had an epic death C. Thor from The Avengers because he is attractive D. The Joker from Batman because he is funny Answer: C Vasilis has been working in the same secure and well-paid job for the past few years. One day, on his way to work he loses control of his vehicle and drives into a ditch. Despite the fact that he did not sustain any injuries, he was extremely scared about losing his life. A few days after the accident, he is still thinking about how close he came to death. A month later, Vasilis proclaims to his family that the accident made him realize he needs new challenges in his life. He wants to pursue his passion and talent for drawing anime, so he will be resigning from his work and moving from Canada (where he has lived all his life) to Japan. 1. What need is Vasilis trying to fulfill by moving to Japan? A. Cognitive needs B. Esteem needs C. Aesthetic needs D. Need for self-actualization ANSWER: D 2. Vasilis meets a new friend named Arimi who was born and raised in Japan. Arimi also draws anime and the two new friends Vasilis and Arimi exchange opinions on each other’s work. Arimi is more likely to _________________. A. pay more attention to the positive feedback B. pay more attention to the negative feedback C. completely ignore both positive and negative feedback she gets from Vasilis D. be offended by any negative feedback and will not talk to Vasilis again ANSWER: B 3. Vasilis’ self-concept will likely include __________ whereas, Arimi’s will include______. A. “I’m Maria’s son”; “I’m a team player” B. “I’m a good driver”; “I’m from the island of Okinawa” C. “I’m Canadian”; “I’m hardworking” D. “I’m artistic” ; “I’m a great mother of two children” ANSWER: B Ch.13 - Social Behaviour The Skeins are a punk-rock band known for their amazing music, high energy, and their YouTube videos of pranks they play on each other while on tour. Their first album was wildly popular and they gained world-wide fame before the members of the band reached the age of 21. They have just released their fourth album, Rock >>> Pop-Punk Drama, and it lives up to its name, as their sound has changed a lot (taking on more of a rock tone than a punk vibe). They’re going on tour for the new album. 1. Because of the type of music they play and their high energy on and off-stage, many parents disapprove of them because they believe they are “always drunk in public”. This is an example of __________. A. the spotlight effect B. a self-fulfilling prophecy C. an illusory correlation D. the fundamental attribution error ANSWER: C 2. In an interview about their new album, the lead singer says he wrote the first draft of the first song alone. When he presented it to the group, they made changes and it became even more different than their older music, even though they knew their fans might hate this new style. This is a case of ________. A. group polarization B. groupthink C. risky shift D. conformity ANSWER: C 3. Madeleine was a huge fan of The Skeins’ first three albums, but is not quite sure whether she likes their new sound. According to ____________, if she goes to their latest concert, she is more likely to love their new album. A. cognitive dissonance theory B. self-perception theory C. the elaboration likelihood model D. the foot-in-the-door technique ANSWER: B 4. Many of the band’s biggest fans are still in high school. Parents worry their kids will be negatively influenced by the band members’ pranks and start a petition to shut down their YouTube channel. If the number of Skein fans who play pranks increases after the petition is launched, this is a case of _______. A. stereotyping B. a self-fulfilling prophecy C. an illusory correlation D. a social schema ANSWER: B 5. The band’s manager is nervous about whether their new album will succeed. She is nervous because bands similar to The Skeins have made this same change in the past and have been very unsuccessful. When she brings up her worries to the band, they are most likely to react by saying ____________. A. the other bands failed because they were bad song writers B. that if they fail it’s because of their fans C. they believe in themselves D. they trust their fans are going to love the new sound ANSWER: A 6. The band members feel like it is important to behave and style themselves in a more mature way now that they are making more mature music. To make sure this change in their image is obvious, they are more likely to _____________. A. model outgroup members B. highly self-monitor C. model ingroup members D. form defensive attributions ANSWER: B During the final, winner-take-all Game 7 of the hockey playoff series between the Ottawa Senators and the Pittsburgh Penguins, a Pittsburgh player violently slashes Ottawa’s team captain. In retaliation, one of the Ottawa players skates full-speed right into the Pittsburgh goalie, knocking him over and leaving him with a concussion. After this, fights break out between most members of both teams. 1. Players who were not involved in the original acts of aggression, but who end up fighting afterwards, are likely fighting due to ___________. A. equity B. intention C. responsibility D. expectations ANSWER: D 2. Eventually, only one player from each team is on the ice and not fighting another player. If they look at each other and decide not to fight, which of the following is the most likely cause? A. Unanimity B. Personality C. Group size D. Ambiguity ANSWER: B 3. The Ottawa player who skates into Pittsburgh’s goalie believes this behaviour is part of his role as an “enforcer.” This is similar to the behaviours of participants in which famous early psychology experiment? A. Zimbardo’s Stanford County Prison Experiment B. Milgram’s Obedience Experiments C. Asch’s Conformity Experiments D. Festinger’s Cognitive Dissonance Experiment ANSWER: A 4. There is a Pittsburgh player who is typically a calm person and does not enjoy confrontation. If this player gets pulled into a fight, he will likely try to _________ his cognitive dissonance by telling himself _____________. A. increase; “If I don’t fight, they’ll think I’m weak” B. maintain; “I’m being paid to do this” C. decrease; “C’mon man! Just do it” D. decrease; “This is my job, I have to” ANSWER: D 5. There is a Pittsburgh player who really does not want to fight because he promised his wife he would not have a black eye for his daughter’s birthday on Saturday. According to Milgram, who is least likely to convince him to fight? A. His coach B. His captain C. His coach, but only if he is not wearing a suit D. An Ottawa player who taunts him ANSWER: D Janelle is a Girl Guide who is trying to sell enough cookies to win a trip to Disney World. Her parents don’t have the time to take her out selling cookies door-to-door, so they hire Tamara, Janelle’s cousin who is studying psychology at Carleton University, to help Janelle after school for a few weeks while she’s trying to sell the cookies. The good news for Janelle is that Tamara has recently learned about the psychology of persuasion. 1. Tamara tells Janelle that the first question she should ask potential customers is whether they have had Girl Guide chocolate mint cookies before. Because if they say no, Janelle should say __________. A. “Buying a box will really help to get me to Disney World!” B. “Many people find them delicious but others stick to tradition and favour the vanilla cookies.” C. “You haven’t?! Why not?!” D. “They’re the best of all the cookies I have with me.” ANSWER: B 2. If a customer asks how many boxes Janelle has to sell to win the trip to Disney World, what would be the best statement to use to persuade them to buy the most boxes? A. “Seven hundred! Would you like to buy them all?” B. “Seven hundred! So if you and your neighbours all help, I’ll be most of the way there!” C. “Seven hundred! Want to buy them all?! Just kidding. Maybe you could buy three?” D. “Seven hundred! I don’t think I’ll ever get there though.” ANSWER: C 3. Janelle knocks on the door of someone who says they hate and have always hated Girl Guide cookies. Tamara told Janelle that in this case it would be best to _______________. A. apologize for bothering them because she probably won’t make a sale B. keep trying to sell because it will work if they find Janelle cute enough C. keep trying to sell because their attitudes aren’t predictive of behaviour D. run away quickly because Janelle is uncomfortable with their anti-cookie beliefs ANSWER: A 4. If customers develop an impression that Janelle is cute, polite, and well-spoken, and they infer that she is also a good student, this inference is considered to be based on _____________. A. a primacy effect B. a unified impression C. a self-fulfilling prophecy D. an implicit theory ANSWER: D 5. Tamara is pulling a wagon with a bunch of Girl Guide cookie boxes. The wagon has a squeaky wheel that makes a lot of noise on the bumpy sidewalk. The number of people who notice Tamara is _______. A. higher than she thinks B. lower than she thinks C. lower than she thinks, but only if she has low self-esteem D. higher than she thinks, but only if she has high self-esteem ANSWER: B 6. After customers agree to buy a box of chocolate mint cookies, Janelle mentions she has two other types of cookies with her as well. She is using the ______________. A. foot-in-the-door technique B. bait-and-switch technique C. door-in-the-face technique D. amplification technique ANSWER: A 7. Overall, Janelle finds the sales process ______________. She does not win the trip to Disney World. However, cognitive dissonance theory suggests that because of her attitude she is more likely to sell cookies again next year than she would be if she did win the trip. A. challenging and rewarding B. challenging and frustrating C. fun and rewarding D. fun and frustrating ANSWER: B Samira and Tyler met in their second-year psychology class while working on a group project together with a mutual friend, Anabelle. Samira and Tyler became friends while working on the project and began dating soon after. It has now been three years and they are still together and very happy. Anabelle is dating Rod. Though Anabelle and Rod argue fairly frequently, they both love each other. 1. While growing up, Anabelle’s mother only ever told Anabelle she loved her when Anabelle won her skating competitions or received an A+ on an assignment. According to Hazan & Shaver (1987), Anabelle and Rod are most likely to argue because _____________. A. Rod gets jealous when Anabelle spends a lot of time with her friends B. Anabelle does not appreciate Rod’s romantic gestures C. Anabelle does not think Rod is good enough for her D. Rod never goes out of his way to prove his love to Anabelle ANSWER: D 2. While growing up, Rod’s parents were usually too busy caring for his younger sister (who had many serious medical complications at birth). When he was younger, Rod resented his sister because his parents never paid much attention to him. According to Hazan & Shaver (1987), Anabelle and Rod are most likely to argue because _______________. A. Anabelle calls him at work to check up on him too often B. he is jealous when Anabelle talks to other men C. Anabelle does not spend enough time with him D. he calls Anabelle at work to check up on her too often ANSWER: A 3. When Samira asks Tyler about what happened during his day, he is most likely to reply by _________. Samira is most likely to follow this with ____________. A. telling her what happened; a question about the details B. telling her about an argument he had with his friend; a question about how it resolved C. saying he wants to hear about her day first; a story about her own day D. shrugging and saying “Nothing exciting”; wondering if he is upset with her ANSWER: A 4. Because Samira and Tyler met while completing their BA degrees in psychology, they were initially attracted to each other because they ______________. A. fulfill the matching hypothesis B. are similar to one another C. reciprocate each other’s attraction D. meet each other’s romantic ideals ANSWER: B 5. Even though they have been dating for three years, why might Samira not be upset if Tyler tells Anabelle he loves her? A. She believes Tyler has companionate love for Anabelle. B. Samira was avoidantly attached to her parents growing up. C. She believes Tyler has fatuous love for Anabelle. D. Samira was securely attached to her parents growing up. ANSWER: A 6. Samira meets Tyler’s romantic ideals. This means ____________. A. Samira is more attractive than any other woman he has previously dated B. he always pictured himself falling in love with a dark-haired woman with a big smile C. Samira is a fan of Tyler’s favourite band and they have the same favourite restaurant D. his favourite supermodel is Lily Aldridge, and Samira looks a lot like her ANSWER: B Alaina is a judge at a national gymnastics competition. The previous national champion just performed her floor routine. Though the gymnast made multiple errors, the first three judges award her with very high scores. Because of the errors the gymnast made, Alaina believes the gymnast should receive a lower score. She is conflicted about whether she should side with the rest of the judges or whether she should award the gymnast the score Alaina thinks she deserves. 1. If Alaina awards a high score like the rest of the judges, (despite her internal conflict) this is a case of ________. A. informational social influence B. emotional social influence C. cognitive social influence D. normative social influence ANSWER: D 2. Alaina would be least likely to conform and award the gymnast a low score if _____________. A. she has high self-esteem B. she is less qualified than the other judges C. there are four other judges D. she is the last judge to award the score ANSWER: A 3. Alaina would be most likely to conform and award the gymnast a high score if ___________. A. the voting is anonymous B. she is the first judge to vote C. she wants to seem competent D. she is highly extraverted ANSWER: C 4. On her way in to judge the competition, Alaina heard someone say “All judges are snobs and will give high scores to their favourites, whether or not they mess up.” This person’s statement reflects a ____________ of gymnastics judges. A. self-fulfilling prophecy B. stereotype C. spotlight effect D. self-serving bias ANSWER: B 5. Imagine Alaina gives the gymnast a high score like the other judges did. This will likely cause _________ so she is likely to ______________. A. cognitive dissonance; minimize the gymnast’s mistakes in her mind B. self-monitoring; minimize the gymnast’s mistakes in her mind C. cognitive dissonance; argue for the beliefs she has about the gymnast D. self-monitoring; argue for the beliefs she has about the gymnast ANSWER: A