Ch6-8 Vol3

Ch. 6 - Learning Alec wants to train his dog Magnus to sit on command. To achieve this goal, Alec starts by giving Magnus a strip of bacon and saying “sit” every time Magnus sits. A day later, Alec gives Magnus a strip of bacon and a pat on the head and says “sit” every time Magnus sits. Magnus seems to learn to sit on command. However, after a few days of training, Alec notices that Magnus now salivates and wags his tail whenever he hears the word “sit.” 1. Alec is using _____ conditioning with ______ reinforcement to train Magnus sit. A. classical; partial B. classical; continuous C. operant; partial D. operant; continuous ANSWER: D 2. The fact that Magnus begins salivating and wagging his tail indicates that the word “sit” is a ________. A. conditioned response B. unconditioned response C. conditioned stimulus D. result of negative reinforcement ANSWER: C 3. Over the following days, Alec noticed that Magnus would salivate and wag his tail whenever he heard Alec say the word “fit”. What is this known as? A. stimulus discrimination B. stimulus generalization C. an unconditioned response D. a fixed action pattern ANSWER: B 4. For a week after his training, Magnus would sit down and start salivating whenever he saw Alec. This is because Alec was a ______________. A. positive reinforcer B. conditioned stimulus C. unconditioned stimulus D. negative reinforcer ANSWER: B 5. Magnus starts wagging his tail and salivating when he hears Alec say the word “sit” because of __________. A. operant conditioning B. positive reinforcement C. classical conditioning D. stimulus generalization ANSWER: C 6. Which of the following stimuli is most likely going to make Magnus salivate? A. Seeing another dog sit down. B. Hearing the word “set”. C. Being told to lay down. D. Alec demonstrating sitting down. ANSWER: B Alicia is an avid online poker player. She spends hours every day playing poker online. Initially, she played because she really enjoyed the game and it gave her an exciting feeling. However, over the past few months she has noticed that she experiences higher anxiety levels if she has not played in a while and she feels like she needs to play to reduce this anxiety. 1. Initially, Alicia’s poker playing habit was maintained by ________________. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment ANSWER: A 2. After several months, Alicia’s poker playing habit has been maintained by _______________. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. positive punishment D. negative punishment ANSWER: B 3. Alicia has not won a game in a while, and yet she continues to play despite her lengthy losing streak. What do you expect happened when Alicia first started playing? A. She won every single game she played for the first few days. B. She won every third or so game she played for the first few days. C. She won every couple of hours or so for the first few days. D. She won sporadically for the first few days that she played. ANSWER: D 4. Alicia has a ritual, including saying a short prayer that she performs every time she logs on to her account and she thinks this ritual helps her win. According to Skinner, which of the following enforces this behaviour? A. Operant conditioning B. Primary reinforcers C. Secondary reinforcers D. Noncontingent reinforcement ANSWER: D 5. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decides to enrol in a behaviour modification program. When asked why she joined the program, Alicia replies “Because I’m too spontaneous.” In order for the program to be effective, Alicia should _______________. A. not make generalized claims about herself and let the professionals assess her B. translate vague claims into precise descriptions of specific target behaviours C. continue making generalized claims because they encompass multiple target behaviours D. accept her personality traits as they are and develop coping skills to live with them ANSWER: B 6. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decides to enrol in a behaviour modification program. The program facilitator asks Alicia to count how many times she visits the online poker site, how many games she plays, and the events that happen right before she goes online to play another game. Alicia was asked to gather her ______ and monitor her ______, respectively. A. baseline data; antecedents B. response rate; antecedents C. baseline date; positive reinforcers D. response rate; positive reinforcers ANSWER: A 7. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decided to enrol in a behaviour modification program. As suggested by the program facilitator, Alicia sets up a punishment for herself in case she ends up playing poker online and losing a lot of money. Which of the following would be the most effective method of punishment? A. Giving $30 to her brother and telling him to buy a CD of an artist she hates. B. Delivering a strong electric shock to herself every time she played poker. C. Having her brother take her laptop away from her, even if she needs it for work. D. Donating an equal amount of money she lost to a charity she believes in. ANSWER: A 8. Alicia is actively trying to get her poker playing under control and decided to enrol in a behaviour modification program. Which of the following would you suggest to her to ensure she sticks to the program and her rehabilitation? A. To use punishments only (and no rewards) because they are powerful reinforcers. B. If she uses punishments, to have someone else deliver them. C. If she use punishments, to make them as severe as she can. D. If she uses punishments, to use a random ratio of severe and mild ones. ANSWER: B Jared is a stay-at-home dad who takes care of his five-year-old daughter Olivia. Olivia is hyperactive and does not often listen to Jared. Jared is trying to find new ways to get his daughter to brush her teeth, which she always refuses to do. Jared has come up with the solution to give Olivia a sticker every three times she brushes her teeth without him telling her to. 1. Jared is giving Olivia a sticker according to a ____ schedule. A. fixed ratio B. fixed interval C. variable ratio D. variable interval ANSWER: A 2. Jared wants to eventually get Olivia to brush her teeth without him giving her a sticker. What should he do to increase the probability that Olivia does not stop brushing her teeth after he stops giving her stickers? A. Give her a sticker every single time she brushes her teeth. B. Give her a bigger reward than a sticker. C. Give her a sticker after a variable number of times she brushes her teeth. D. Continue doing exactly the same thing he is currently doing. ANSWER: C 3. One day, Olivia gets very upset and throws a huge temper tantrum. Despite the fact that she was supposed to get a sticker for brushing her teeth alone that day, Jared does not give her one because of her behaviour. This is an example of ________________. A. positive reinforcement B. negative reinforcement C. disciplinary procedure D. punishment ANSWER: D 4. One day while at the grocery store, Olivia gets upset and throws a major temper tantrum over a chocolate bar. Jared tells her that she is going on a time-out in a couple of hours when they get back home. It is most likely that the punishment Jared gave Olivia will __________________. A. not be effective because it is not severe enough B. not be effective because it is not swift enough C. be effective only if Jared gives a reward to Olivia next time they are at a grocery store and she behaves D. be effective only if it is paired with corporal punishment ANSWER: B 5. Olivia has realized that if she cries hard enough her dad will give her candy to get her to stop. From Jared’s point of view, this is a case of _______________. A. negative reinforcement B. positive reinforcement C. punishment D. avoidance learning ANSWER: A Monica is a first-year student at Carleton and she is taking a lot of introductory courses. Monica has a 14-year-old brother named Ross who often visits her in her dorm on the weekend and watches R-rated violent movies and TV shows while she studies. Monica becomes worried about the some of the media content that Ross is watching. 1. According to Bandura which of the following is more likely if Ross starts watching porn on the Internet? A. It will act as a catharsis for Ross. B. It will act as a model for Ross to emulate. C. It will act as a negative reinforcer for Ross. D. It will act as a negative role model for Ross. ANSWER: B 2. One day, Ross is hanging out in Monica’s dorm room when Rachel, Monica’s best friend, storms in and her punches a pillow in rage. In which of the following scenarios is Ross also likely to punch a pillow? A. If he sees Monica high-five Rachel after she punches the pillow. B. If he has a crush on Rachel. C. If he is told not to ever punch a pillow like Rachel. D. If he has also seen someone punch a pillow in a movie. ANSWER: A 3. Monica is worried that Ross’ choice of TV shows and movies will make him more aggressive when he’s older. She should be the most worried if ______________________. A. Ross watches more than 10 hours of violent TV shows per week B. Ross starts watching extremely realistic and graphic violent TV shows C. Ross identifies with the male antagonist who often murders people on his favourite show D. Ross identifies with the female hero who often tortures people on his favourite show ANSWER: C 4. Monica is concerned about Ross’ choice of TV shows and tells him how the shows he watches affect his brain. Ross rolls his eyes and says she’s being a drama queen. Which statement best summarizes this situation? A. Monica is right. Research shows Ross would show desensitization and adaptation to violent material. B. Monica is right. Research shows Ross would show increased skin conductance in response to violent material. C. Ross is right. What Monica said would be true only if Ross was an eyewitness to a violent act. D. Ross is right. What Monica said would be true only if he witnessed his peers committing violent acts. ANSWER: A 5. One day, Ross and Monica are in her dorm room hanging out. Ross is playing a first-person shooter video game on the computer and Monica is playing Candy Crush on her phone. Suddenly, they hear a person yelping in pain right outside their door. Which of the following is most likely? A. Ross will respond more quickly and be the first to go and offer help. B. Monica will respond more quickly and be the first to go and offer help. C. Both will respond at the same speed and go and offer help together. D. It depends on the sex of the person yelping in pain. ANSWER: B Victoria has a huge phobia of spiders. Victoria is currently dating Joshua who owns a pet tarantula. Victoria refuses to even be in the same room as Joshua’s tarantula. Joshua is trying to help Victoria overcome her fear of his tarantula. 1. According to Martin Seligman, what is a likely explanation of Victoria’s pathological fear of spiders? A. Evolution has programmed humans to readily acquire a fear of spiders. B. When Victoria was young she was bitten by a spider and had a nasty allergic reaction. C. Victoria does not really like Joshua and has paired the unpleasant feeling of being with him with the presence of the tarantula. D. Through higher-order conditioning, Victoria has associated spiders with aversive feelings. ANSWER: A 2. Based on what you know about classical conditioning, what should Joshua do to help Victoria get over her fear of his tarantula? A. Give Victoria a small reward after every time she spends time with his tarantula. B. Lock Victoria in a room with his tarantula so she can see it does not pose her any danger. C. Play peaceful and relaxing music every time Victoria is near his tarantula. D. Buy Victoria her favourite double espresso every time she spends time with his tarantula. ANSWER: C 3. Based on what you know about operant conditioning, what should Joshua do to help Victoria get over her fear of his tarantula? A. Make Victoria her favourite dinner before she spends time with his tarantula. B. Lock Victoria in a room with his tarantula so she can see it does not pose her any danger. C. Play peaceful and relaxing music while Victoria is spending time with his tarantula. D. Give Victoria a small present every time she spends time with his tarantula. ANSWER: D 4. Victoria gets annoyed because Joshua keeps talking to her about her fear of spiders and confronts him about his fear of clowns. According to the principles of classical conditioning which situation might most likely have caused Joshua’s fear of clowns? A. His parents hired a clown for his 10th birthday, but none of his friends attended the party. B. His parents hired a clown for his 5th birthday and Joshua got sick from hot dogs and cake. C. He once dressed up as a clown for Halloween and everyone made fun of him. D. He was bullied by Chris in elementary school and Chris now works as a professional clown. ANSWER: B 5. Joshua works in marketing and knows all about using the principles of classical and operant conditioning to sell an idea to the public. How can Joshua incorporate these same ideas to help Victoria overcome her fear of tarantula? A. Show her pictures and videos of famous models posing with a tarantula. B. Show her statistics about how unlikely it is to be hurt by a pet tarantula. C. Show her pictures of other animals killing and/or eating a tarantula. D. Show her a video of tarantulas in their natural habitat. ANSWER: A Ch. 7 - Human Memory Tessa is in her first year at Carleton University and is trying to incorporate what she has learned about memory in her psychology class when she studies for her exams. Tessa has a biology midterm next week and is very stressed out about it. To prepare, Tessa has compiled a list with all the terms and definitions she needs to learn for her midterm. 1. Her biology professor posted a mock midterm online with a similar format to the actual midterm. Tessa is torn between solving the mock midterm and taking the same amount of time to study as much material as possible. According to your textbook what should she do? A. Tessa should solve the mock midterm instead of studying. B. Tessa should ignore the mock midterm and focus on studying. C. Tessa should only look at the answers of the mock-midterm instead of solving it herself. D. Tessa should only solve the questions on the midterm that involve math and ignore all the theory-based questions. ANSWER: A 2. Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm. She has rehearsed them enough and feels confident that she has mastered them. What would you advise Tessa to do? A. Tessa should not worry about rehearsing them anymore because she will forget them by the time of her midterm anyway. B. Tessa should not worry about rehearsing the terms anymore since she has mastered them and will remember them by the time of her midterm. C. Tessa should continue rehearsing all the terms for a few more hours to enhance recall. D. Tessa should continue rehearsing only the terms she finds most challenging for a few more hours. ANSWER: C 3. Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm. There are a few terms that she has particular difficulty remembering. What should Tessa do to enhance her recall of those terms? A. Place them in the middle of the list. B. Place them at the beginning or the end of the list. C. Place them directly after the terms that are the easiest to remember. D. Place them directly before the terms that are the easiest to remember. ANSWER: B 4. Tessa has compiled a list with definitions of all the terms that are likely to be on her biology midterm. Which of the following will help Tessa remember all those terms most successfully? A. Tessa should focus on going over the material as many times as possible. B. Tessa should focus on developing a deep understanding of the material. C. Tessa should spend as much time as possible re-reading her notes. D. Tessa should rewrite all her notes by hand multiple times instead of just re-reading them. ANSWER: B 5. Tessa has to memorize the order of the colours in the light spectrum for her midterm. She comes up with the heuristic “Roy G. Biv” to remember red, orange, yellow, green, blue, indigo and violet. This is an example of an _____ that takes advantage of _____. A. acrostic; clustering B. acronym; clustering C. acrostic; chunking D. acronym; chunking ANSWER: D 6. Tessa recently learned about Allan Paivio in her psychology class and decides to implement his ideas in her studying habits. Which of the following methods is Tessa most likely to use to memorize the list of terms she has created? A. Tessa will use acronyms and acrostics extensively. B. Tessa will use the narrative method and create a story with all the terms. C. Tessa will draw diagrams and use various other visual mnemonics. D. Tessa will take advantage of the serial-position effect and organize her list accordingly. ANSWER: C 7. Tessa has a particularly hard time remembering the terms “intron” and “exon”. To solve her problem she remembers the words “intern” and “exit” instead. Which method did Tessa use to remember the two original terms? A. The link method B. The method of loci C. The keyword method D. The method of acrostics ANSWER: C 8. In her psychology class, Tessa recently learned about the concept of memory consolidation. What should Tessa do to increase the probability of consolidation taking place? A. Go to sleep. B. Go for a run. C. Wake up early to review her notes. D. Take a cold shower. ANSWER: A 9. Tessa is working through a set of practice multiple-choice questions with her study buddy. She gets several wrong and wants her study buddy to just tell her the correct answers. However, her study buddy tells Tessa that is not the best way to learn the material. What do you think? A. Tessa should look up the answers herself to ensure she remembers them. B. Tessa’s study buddy should tell her the answers in order to save time. C. Tessa should ignore the questions she got wrong in order to take advantage of consolidation mnemonics. D. Tessa’s study buddy should explain each of the correct answers. ANSWER: A Patricia is a defense attorney. Her job requires her to confront witnesses about the limits of their memory capabilities. In addition, as a defense attorney Patricia is motivated to make the witnesses “slip-up” or even distort their memories of the events her client is being accused of. 1. In one particular trial, Patricia is cross-examining an eyewitness to a car accident caused by her client. How should Patricia word her question in order to sway the eyewitness’ recall in favour of her client? A. “How fast were the cars going when they smashed into each other?” B. “How fast were the cars going when they hit each other?” C. “Did you see any broken glass in the area after the accident?” D. “Did you see anyone get injured because of the accident?” ANSWER: B 2. In one particular trial, Patricia is cross-examining an eyewitness to a car accident caused by her client. Patricia words her question in a way that she hopes will alter the recall of the eyewitness by introducing post-event details. Which of the following phenomena did Patricia take advantage of? A. Misinformation effect B. Source-monitoring error C. Retrieval failure D. Transfer-appropriate processing ANSWER: A 3. Patricia’s client is in a line-up waiting to be possibly identified by an eyewitness. The eyewitness ends up picking Patricia’s client. What would be the worst case scenario for Patricia and her client? A. The police officer conducting the line-up asks the eyewitness how confident she is with her choice. B. The police officer conducting the line-up asks the eyewitness to explain the rationale behind her choice. C. The police officer conducting the line-up asks the eyewitness to have another look to be sure. D. The police officer conducting the line-up says, “Good job, you picked correctly.” to the eyewitness. ANSWER: D 4. Patricia is cross-examining an eyewitness who seems overconfident in his story. What could Patricia do to reduce his overconfidence? A. Ask him to list reasons on why his story may not be 100% accurate. B. Be very aggressive towards him when asking him questions. C. Insult the eyewitness and question his memory. D. Ask him to rate his confidence and explain why he feels so confident. ANSWER: A 5. Patricia often brings up the concept of transience in court to discredit the memory of an eyewitness. This concept refers to _________ and is a memory sin of _________. A. failure to retrieve an item from memory; commission B. the simple decay of memory over time; commission C. failure to retrieve an item from memory; omission D. the simple decay of memory over time; omission ANSWER: D 6. Patricia is often accused by the opposing attorney that she is asking leading questions that affect the witness’ memory. According to the opposing attorney, the witness’ memory is affected by ______ which is a memory sin of ________. A. suggestibility; commission B. suggestibility; omission C. misattribution; commission D. misattribution; omission ANSWER: A 7. During a trial, Patricia cross-examines an expert on repressed memories. According to your textbook, which fact about repressed memories will surprise Patricia? A. Psychologists largely accept recovered memories of abuse at face value. B. There is not enough evidence suggesting that is common for people to bury unpleasant memories in their unconscious. C. Sexual child abuse is not that common and only 5% of girls and 2% of boys experience it. D. More than 50% of people who have experienced childhood sexual abuse report complete amnesia of the incident. ANSWER: A 8. During a trial, Patricia cross-examines an expert on repressed memories. As a skeptic of recovered memories, which of the following arguments could Patricia use? A. People who claim they have repressed memories willingly lie about them. B. People who claim they have repressed memories often suffer from mental illness. C. Repressed memories are often from events that occur before the age of three, which is too young to remember many details. D. Repressed memories are often recovered spontaneously while the person is sleeping, and could potentially just be a nightmare. ANSWER: C 9. During a trial, Patricia cross-examines an expert on repressed memories. Patricia argues with the expert on the credibility of recovered repressed memories. What could be the counter-argument of the expert? A. Many repressed memories are recovered using hypnotism, which is a reliable method. B. It is common for victims of sexual abuse to oscillate between denying and accepting the abuse having taken place. C. Many repressed memories are recovered using dream analysis, which suggests memories of the abuse are intact, but not always accessible. D. It is not uncommon for people to experience abuse when they are young and cannot comprehend what is happening, so they forget about it. ANSWER: B 10. During a trial, the judge is asked to decide whether or not to accept the recovered memories of the victim as evidence. In which of the following scenarios should the judge feel most confident when accepting the victim’s recovered memories as evidence? A. If the repressed memories were recovered spontaneously. B. If the repressed memories were recovered with the help of a therapist. C. If the victim is female and she claims to have experienced sexual abuse. D. If the victim is male and he claims to have experienced physical abuse. ANSWER: A Sam recently watched the movie Eternal Sunshine of the Spotless Mind and became fascinated with the concept of memory and how it is stored in the brain. In the movie, the protagonist tries to forget his ex-girlfriend by undergoing a procedure that destroys the neural circuits that stored all his memories of their relationship. Sam decides to read up on the physiological basis for memory to get a better understanding of how it works. 1. Sam reads online about Wilder Penfield’s experiments and was astonished by them. What was so exciting about Wilder Penfield’s experiments? A. He uncovered the memory trace. B. He was able to transfer memories from one tapeworm to another. C. He discovered the chemical code for memory. D. He showed that the cortex houses exact “tape recordings” of the past. ANSWER: D 2. In the movie, the protagonist undergoes a procedure that destroys the neural circuits that stored memories of his relationship with his ex-girlfriend. This idea is in concordance with the work of _______. A. Eric Kandel B. Richard F. Thompson C. B. F. Skinner D. Sigmund Freud ANSWER: B 3. Sam wonders what would happen if there was a mistake in the procedure and the protagonist could no longer form any new memories. This hypothetical situation is an example of ______ and would be attributed to an impairment of the _______. A. retrograde amnesia; prefrontal cortex B. anterograde amnesia; prefrontal cortex C. retrograde amnesia; hippocampus D. anterograde amnesia; hippocampus ANSWER: D 4. Sam is watching a pirated version of the movie, so halfway through it looks like his monitor display has flipped upside down. Sam continues watching the movie, so we might expect higher levels of activity in his _____. A. right hemisphere B. left hemisphere C. prefrontal cortex D. hippocampus ANSWER: A 5. After the movie ends, Sam calls his friend to recommend the movie to him. Because the title is long, Sam is mentally rehearsing and internally repeating it until his friend picks up the phone. Because of this, you would expect higher levels of activity in his _______. A. right hemisphere B. left hemisphere C. prefrontal cortex D. hippocampus ANSWER: B 6. Sam wonders what would happen if there was a mistake in the procedure and the protagonist could no longer remember anything that happened to him during the past five years. This is an example of ____ amnesia. A. retrograde B. anterograde C. organic D. severe ANSWER: A 7. After the movie ends, Sam thinks about how neurogenesis would continue taking place in the brain of the protagonist, especially in the _____________. A. dentate gyrus and prefrontal cortex B. cerebellum and prefrontal cortex C. dentate gyrus and hippocampus D. cerebellum and hippocampus ANSWER: C 8. At the end of the movie, Sam thinks about how neurogenesis would continue taking place in the brain of the protagonist and how the newly formed neurons would ________________. A. be more resilient and durable than more “mature” neurons B. be less resilient and durable than more “mature” neurons C. recruit new memories less readily than more “mature” neurons D. recruit new memories more readily than more “mature” neurons ANSWER: D Molly is a private investigator and often finds herself relying on her memory to do her job. She is often required to remember tiny details in order to solve a case and to think on her feet. To hone her memory skills, Molly often memorizes lists of words for fun. 1. While working on a case, Molly finds piece of paper with the five seemingly random words written on it that may be important for her case. Molly decides to memorize the words in case this piece of paper goes missing. What should Molly do to ensure she will remember the words? A. Pay particular attention to the length of the words and the way they are written. B. Come up with other words that rhyme with the words on the piece of paper. C. Use the words on the piece of paper in complete sentences. D. Say the words out loud so she can remember what they sound like. ANSWER: C 2. While working on a case, Molly notices that her prime suspect has a raspy voice and links this detail with the statement of one of the victims saying the perpetrator sounded like Darth Vader. Molly used _____ encoding and the process of ______ to link the suspect with the victim’s statement. A. semantic; elaboration B. phonemic; elaboration C. semantic; dual-coding D. phonemic; dual-coding ANSWER: A 3. One day in her office, one of the other detectives challenges Molly in a memory competition. In order to win, the two have to memorize a list of 20 pairs of words. You are asked to come up with the list of words for the competition. Which of the following pairs would you expect to be the easiest to memorize? A. Loyalty and pride B. Dog and sunrise C. Effort and cat D. Duty and hotel ANSWER: B 4. One day in her office, one of the other detectives challenges Molly in a memory competition. In order to win, the two have to memorize a list of 20 pairs of words. You are asked to come up with the list of words for the competition. Which pair would you expect to be the hardest to memorize? A. Loyalty and pride B. Dog and sunrise C. Effort and cat D. Hotel and duty ANSWER: A 5. While working on a case, Molly notices a suspect entering a building. She soon has to leave the area because she is afraid someone will notice her, but she constantly repeats the address to herself until she reaches her office and has a chance to write it down. Molly is using ____ rehearsal to maintain the information she needs in ______memory. A. maintenance; working B. maintenance; short-term C. elaborative; working D. elaborative; short-term ANSWER: B 6. While working on a case, Molly enters a house that has been broken into. The living room is a mess, furniture has been flipped over, and there are broken objects everywhere. Molly rearranges everything in her mind to get a sense of what the house looked like before the burglary. Molly is using _____, which is part of her _____ memory. A. visual imagery; short-term B. a visuospatial sketchpad; short-term C. visual imagery; working D. a visuospatial sketchpad; working ANSWER: D 7. Molly finds herself writing a report about a case while at the same time talking one the phone with a client from a different case. In this instance, Molly is using ______ which is part of her ____ memory. A. dual-coding; short-term B. dual-coding; working C. her executive control system; short-term D. her executive control system; working ANSWER: D Dory is a first-year psychology student at Carleton University and is often teased for having a terrible memory. Dory is famous for not paying attention to details and not being able to remember crucial information when she needs it. After taking a first-year psychology course and learning more about memory, Dory is motivated to figure out how to begin remembering more. 1. In one of her classes, Dory learns all about flashbulb memories and is surprised she has one, as well. Which of the following is likely to be Dory’s flashbulb memory? A. Suddenly remembering she was sexually abused as a child. B. The sense that something she is actively trying to remember is just out of reach. C. A vivid memory of eating Fruit Loops cereal when her parents told her they were getting a divorce. D. Remembering a lot of facts about dogs she picked up by raising a puppy. ANSWER: C 2. According to the spreading activation theory, which of the following words is Dory most likely to remember if she hears the word “fire engine”? A. red B. bus C. vehicle D. street ANSWER: A 3. While walking home from class one day, a dog barks at Dory and almost bites her. Dory goes to file a report about the incident the next day with campus security, but cannot remember the dog’s breed. What can she do to refresh her memory? A. Listen to the same song she was listening when she saw the dog. B. Go under hypnosis to remember the event in greater detail. C. Walk by the same spot where she was when she first saw the dog. D. Go on the internet and look up dog breeds that are likely to attack someone. ANSWER: C 4. Dory has a really hard time remembering someone’s name. Even in cases where she feels like she knows the person’s name, she just cannot remember it in the moment. However, asking the person the first letter of their name usually helps her to remember the name. This is an example of _____________. A. a flashbulb memory using a retrieval cue B. a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon using a retrieval cue C. a flashbulb memory using a context cue D. a tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon using a context cue ANSWER: B Ch. 8 - Language & Thought Jamila’s friends are participating in a tradition known as Senior Sunrise, where the graduating high school class members stay out all night before the last day of school. Jamila’s parents set her a curfew of 12 midnight (which was very generous), and Jamila made sure to be home by then. However, she receives a text message at 3 a.m. from her best friend asking her to come back and join in the celebrations. Jamila now needs to solve a problem: Should she obey her parents and stay home, or should she sneak out and join her friends? 1. Jamila remembers a line from one of her favourite TV shows: “Nothing good happens after 2 a.m.”. Using this to help solve her problem, she decides to stay home. Which method of problem-solving did Jamila use in this case? A. Algorithm B. Heuristic C. Trial-and-error D. Verbal protocols ANSWER: B 2. Jamila knows that her three best friends are out partying. Based on this, she believes that her entire class must be out celebrating. This thinking shows Jamila is a victim of which bias? A. Gambler’s Fallacy B. Law of Small Numbers C. Confirmation Bias D. Belief Perseverance ANSWER: B 3. After Jamila hears from her best friend, she believes everyone is out partying without her. Now she is certain that her two other friends would be out partying as well. Jamila texts them. If those two friends _______ and Jamila still thinks everyone is out partying, then this is a case of __________. A. say they are at home; Confirmation Bias B. say they are at home; Belief Perseverance C. say they are out; Overconfidence Bias D. say they are out; Hindsight Bias ANSWER: B 4. While making a plan to sneak out of the house without waking her parents, Jamila remembers that her brother used to sneak out his window because of the squeaky stair on the staircase. If Jamila uses this solution and climbs out her window, she is _______________. A. using a mental set B. incorporating irrelevant information C. placing unnecessary restraints on her solution D. too focused on functional fixedness ANSWER: A 5. Which of the following shows that Jamila is ignoring base rates when she assumes that most of her classmates will be out partying? A. She knows at least three people who are out partying. B. She knows that she hears about Senior Sunrise party shenanigans in the news every year. C. Three friends she has messaged say they are still out partying. D. She knows that most of her classmates’ parents are just as strict as her own. ANSWER: D Stefan is babysitting his young niece, Avery, for the first time. Stefan has not seen Avery since the beginning of the semester, and is surprised to find that Avery is speaking much more than she did the last time. Stefan has just been through a lecture on language development, so he thinks this visit will be especially interesting. 1. Avery knows the difference between a cat and a dog, can express her own ideas, and is learning grammar, but she cannot read or write. Which of the properties of language has she not mastered yet? A. symbolic B. semantic C. infinite generativity D. structure ANSWER: A 2. Avery indicates she is ready for dinner by saying “Dinner Avery want. Hungry me!” Avery is making ________ errors. A. phonological B. morphological C. syntax D. semantic ANSWER: C 3. Avery’s parents also speak to her in Ukrainian. Avery has been speaking to Stefan in English all evening, but after dinner she suddenly asks him for a “pecivo” (the Ukranian word for cookie) for dessert. Avery used the correct _________, but made __________ error. A. phonology; an over-extension B. phonology; a semantics C. semantics; a bilingualism D. expression; an over-extension ANSWER: C Solene is in competition with other candidates for a job in a secret government division that requires above average reasoning and problem-solving ability. As part of the selection process, she is required to complete a written exam and a problem-solving interview. Solene thinks she is well-prepared—she has done online practice exams and completed different problem-solving tasks her friends designed—but she is unsure of what to expect the day of her tests. 1. One of the questions on the exam reads: “ d is to b as p is to ___.” To solve this, Solene mentally rotates the letter p. This is a type of _____________. A. inducing structure problem B. arrangement problem C. transformation problem D. series completion problem ANSWER: A 2. One of the questions on the exam reads: “ d is to b as p is to ____”. To solve this, Solene mentally rotates the letter p. Solene’s use of mental rotation is a form of ____________. A. unnecessary constraint B. functional fixedness C. cognition D. knowledge organization ANSWER: C 3. During the interview, Solene is asked to complete a complex verbal math problem. Because she does not have access to a paper and pen, she uses a box of toothpicks to help her keep track of the numbers in the problem. Solene’s use of toothpicks _________________. A. is a form of algorithm B. helps with problem representation C. is a form of analogy D. helps with domain-specific memory ANSWER: B 4. Solene is shown seven different sized bottles. Two bottles contain “poison”, three contain water, and one contains liquid that will give her superpowers. She is given a riddle to determine which bottle is the “superpower” bottle. To help her solve the problem, she names each bottle after a friend the particular bottle resembles. Naming each bottle after a friend is considered ______________. A. chunking B. an analogy C. a means-end analysis D. subjective utility ANSWER: B 5. Solene is asked to play rock-paper-scissors with the interviewer. Thankfully, Solene has an old, go-to strategy for playing rock-paper-scissors. She uses rock on the first trial, and then for every subsequent trial, she copies the move of the other player from the previous trial. Solene’s solution does NOT involve the use of _____________. A. cognition B. heuristics C. a mental set D. knowledge organization ANSWER: D Joaquin is abducted by aliens and beamed up into their spaceship. The aliens hold up two fingers in a peace sign to let Joaquin know they do not intend to hurt him. Joaquin soon learns that the aliens can communicate with him in English, but they also communicate with one another in a different “language” using bird-like chirps. As a psychology student, Joaquin is curious to know how the aliens came to learn English. After their interaction, Joaquin is returned to Earth safely and decides to not tell anyone about his visit. 1. The aliens managed to tell Joaquin that they are peaceful creatures without speaking words to him. To do this, they needed to use _______________. A. symbols, semantics, and pragmatics B. pragmatics and semantics C. symbols and semantics D. a system of symbols and combination rules ANSWER: A 2. Imagine that the aliens can speak to Joaquin and write to him as well. However, they express their ideas in a very simple way, using short sentences, and cannot seem to form questions properly. This shows the aliens _________________. A. do not understand pragmatics B. do not understand semantics C. missed the critical period for learning languages D. cannot be considered fully bilingual ANSWER: D 3. The aliens learned the English language by listening in on human conversations, but did not have anyone explicitly teaching them. This indicates that the aliens relied more on the ___________ theory of language acquisition than they relied on the ____________theory of language acquisition. A. behaviourist; nativist B. environmental; behaviourist C. behaviourist; environmental D. environmental; cognitive ANSWER: B 4. For the rest of his life, Joaquin thinks that all aliens must be peaceful because the aliens he met were peaceful. This is an example of which type of biased decision-making strategy? A. The Gambler’s Fallacy B. Confirmation Bias C. The Law of Small Numbers D. Belief Perseverance ANSWER: C Dr. Lin is a new doctor who just finished her medical school residency last year. She is working with Dr. Sevigny, who has 20 years of experience. They are working in the Emergency Room together. A patient comes in with a long list of weird symptoms. Because the symptoms are odd, Dr. Lin decides to ask Dr. Sevigny for some help so she can be sure to provide a correct diagnosis. When the patient says he has a stuffy nose, shoulder pain, and a numb left foot, Dr. Sevigny asks him if he is a firefighter. Dr. Sevigny explains to Dr. Lin that he has seen this group of symptoms together in two patients before, and both of those patients were firefighters he had seen over 10 years ago. 1. By thinking that the patient must be a firefighter to have these symptoms, Dr. Sevigny is committing which error? A. Ignoring base rates B. Using the availability bias C. Belief perseverance D. Hindsight bias ANSWER: A 2. When Dr. Lin first asks Dr. Sevigny for help, she tells him what she thinks the diagnosis might be. Within two seconds of seeing the patient, and without asking the patient any questions, Dr. Sevigny says that Dr. Lin’s original diagnosis is wrong. Dr. Sevigny’s statement was made based on ____________. A. a heuristic B. the Law of Small Numbers C. the Confirmation Bias D. an algorithm ANSWER: A 3. The patient says he is firefighter, so without any more information, Dr. Sevigny prescribes the treatment for the diagnosis he had originally predicted. This decision is largely based on the ________. A. Hindsight Bias B. Belief Perseverance C. Confirmation Bias D. Overconfidence Bias ANSWER: C 5. Dr. Sevigny has actually seen five patients in the past with these symptoms, but only two of them were firefighters. Dr. Sevigny still thinks it is likely that the new patient is also a firefighter. His assumption suggests Dr. Sevigny is guilty of _____________. A. ignoring base rates B. the availability bias C. the Gambler’s Fallacy D. the overconfidence bias ANSWER: B