Ecology & Evolution Crerar Exam 2

Name: ____________________________________ BIOL 308 Dr. Crerar Exam 2 Fall 2013 In all multiple choice questions, select the one best answer unless instructed otherwise. Each multiple choice question is worth two points. Do the multiple choice questions on the Scantron (questions 1-30) and the remainder on the test. There are 105 points. Your score out of 100 will be the number wrong subtracted from 105. 1. Photosynthetic efficiency in natural and agricultural ecosystems is: A) 0-1%; B) 2-10%; C) 10-20%; D) 50% ; E) 100%. 2. The species that live and interact in a given area constitute an ecological A) biome; B) family; C) food web; D) community; E) trophic level. 3. Which of the following is an ultimate decomposer as opposed to a reducer-decomposer? A) Fungi; B) Vultures; C) Earthworms; D) Bacteria; E) Both A and D are ultimate decomposers. 4. In what microclimate are you likely to find the warmest and driest conditions in the Northern hemisphere? A) On the top of a hill facing south; B) On the lower slope of a hill facing south; C) On the lower slope of a hill facing north; D) On the upper slope of a hill facing north. 5. Which of the following is the longest day of the year in the Northern Hemisphere when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer? A) September 22 B) December 22 C) March 22 D) June 22 6. The amount of NP consumed by herbivores in forested ecosystems is about: A) 1-10% B) 10-50% C) 50-90% D) 100% 7. You are visiting a tropical island, latitude 10 degrees south. From what direction are the winds blowing? A) North B) Southeast C) West D) East E) Northwest 8. Which of the following is a terrestrial ecosystem with the highest primary production? A) tropical wet forest B) tropical dry forest C) marsh D) savanna 9. Nitrogen fixation and denitrification are A) different words for the same process; B) processes that have opposite effects; C) different processes that both remove nitrogen from the atmosphere; D) different processes that both emit nitrogen into the atmosphere; E) different processes that both move nitrogen from the land to the oceans. 10. The biome of Fairfax County: A) Tropical Deciduous Forest B) Temperate Deciduous Forest C) Boreal Forest D) Prairie E) Desert Use the following list to answer questions 11-15. A) Tropical Wet Forest B) Tropical Dry Forest C) Savanna D) Chaparral E) Desert C 11. Grassland found within tropical latitudes. A 12. Found near the equator; evergreen forest, highly productive. D 13. Dominant vegetation is shrubs. Fire dominated ecosystem. E 14. Found at about 30o latitude both N and S. B 15. Ecosystem with a six month wet season and a six month dry season. 16. Air masses at the surface of the Earth are deflected to the ____ in the northern hemisphere and to the _______ in the southern hemisphere. A) north; south B) right; left C) east; west D) left; right 17. Which of the following is an aquatic ecosystem with very high primary production? A) tropical wet forest B) open ocean C) marshes and estuaries D) tundra 18. In very general terms, at what latitude do we have the greatest amounts of rainfall? A) 0 degrees B) 30 degrees C) 60 degrees D) 90 degrees 19. Different wavelengths of light contain different amounts of energy. Which wavelength contains the least energy? A) Blue light B) Green light C) Yellow light D) Red light 20. Which one of the following is true? A) Terrestrial ecosystems cover 1/3 of the earth’s surface and account for 1/3 of the Earth’s primary production. B) Terrestrial ecosystems cover 1/3 of the earth’s surface and account for 2/3 of the Earth’s primary production. C) Terrestrial ecosystems cover 2/3 of the earth’s surface and account for 1/3 of the Earth’s primary production. D) Terrestrial ecosystems cover 2/3 of the earth’s surface and account for 2/3 of the Earth’s primary production. 21. From your experience with the Mason Pond, what would you call it? A) Oligotrophic B) Mesotrophic C) Eutrophic D) Disgusting! No stop! I didn’t mean that. No, this is not the answer I am looking for! 22. In what kind of lake do we expect to find light to penetrate the deepest? A) Oligotrophic B) Mesotrophic C) Eutrophic D) Mason Pond 23. Which of the following biogeochemical cycles has not been impacted by human activities? A) Nitrogen B) Carbon C) Sulfur D) Phosphorus E) All of the above are affected. 24. Dead zones result from the depletion of A) nitrogen. B) carbon. C) oxygen. D) sulfur dioxide. E) ozone. 25. Which of the following biogeochemical cycles is a hybrid between atmospheric and sedimentary? A) Nitrogen B) Carbon C) Sulfur D) Phosphorus E) Both B and C are hybrids. 26. The term ecology was coined by A) Charles Darwin; B) Alfred Russel Wallace; C) Ralph Nader; D) Ernst Haeckel; E) Brian Charlesworth. 27. Which of the following would be considered an abiotic factor in the environment? A) Temperature B) Salinity C) Light D) Wind E) All of these. 28. If the Gulf Stream were to shut down, as some models of global climate change predict, _______ would become _______. A) California; warmer B) California; colder C) London; warmer D) London; colder E) Lima, Peru; colder 29. The most prevalent gas in Earth’s atmosphere is A) argon; B) carbon dioxide; C) nitrogen; D) oxygen; E) ozone. 30. Water is the most dense at a temperature A) just above 0°C; B) of 4°C. C) of 20°C; D) of 32°C; D) of 37°C. Short Answer. (10) 31. In each pair of examples below, circle the animal with the higher Assimilation Efficiency. Homeotherm/high quality food is best. A. Monarch Butterfly feeding on Milkweed Seeds Versus Monarch Butterfly Larva feeding on Milkweed Leaves B. Grasshopper feeding on Grass Versus Cow feeding on Grass C. Human feeding of a Beef Kabob Versus Human feeding on a Lettuce Salad D. Spittle Bug (Homoptera) feeding on phloem Versus Larval Moth feeding on Leaves E. Bear feeding on Termites Versus Bear feeding on Berries (10) 32. In each pair of examples below, circle the animal with the higher Growth Efficiency. Heterotherm is best. A. Spittle Bug Versus Ant B. Zebra Versus Milkweed Bug C. Salamander Versus Vulture D. Harvester Ant Versus Grasshopper E. Uganda Cob Versus Butterfly (12) 33. Given the equations above, solve the following problem. A farmer harvests hay from his field. The net production is measured as 2500 Kcal per hectare. If respiration losses are 5000 kcal per hectare, what was the gross production? If the photosynthetic efficiency of hay is estimated at 10%, what was the PAR per hectare? All of this hay is now fed to cattle (they ingest all 2500 kcal per hectare), whose assimilation efficiency is found to be 30%. How much energy is assimilated? If growth efficiency is estimated as 2.0%, what is the NP of cattle? SHOW YOUR WORK! Then fill in the box below. ANSWER: use units please Gross Production NP = GP – R GP = NP + R = 2500kcal + 5000kcal = 7500kcal PAR per hectare Pe = NP / PAR PAR = NP / Pe = 2500kcal / 10% = 2500kcal / 0.10 = 25000kcal Assimilation by Cattle Ea = A / I A = Ea * I = 2500kcal/ha * 30% = 750kcal/ha NP of Cattle Eg = NP / A NP = Eg * A = 2.0% * 750kcal/ha = 15kcal (6) 34. List the three ecosystems with the lowest primary production. For each of these, what is the environmental factor that limits primary production? Name Limit to Productivity Terrestrial Biome Tundra Temperature Terrestrial Biome Desert Water Aquatic Biome Open Ocean Nutrients (4) 35. List one chemical with a perfect biogeochemical cycle and one with a sedimentary biogeochemical cycle. Chemical Perfect Biogeochemical Cycle Nitrogen Oxygen Sulfur Water Sedimentary Biogeochemical Cycle Phosphorous Magnesium Iron Calcium Potassium (3) 36. In what form is carbon found in the following cases? Example, Living Forests Cellulose and Fibers A) Atmosphere Carbon dioxide B) Inorganic form of carbon found in terrestrial deposits Carbonate Compounds Limestone (CaCO3) Dolomite (MgCO3) C) Fossilized organic form of carbon found in terrestrial deposits Fossil Fuels (Coal, Peat, Oil, Shale) 5