INTRODUCTION TO SOCIOLOGY A Canadian Focus Ninth Edition

Chapter 7 Gender Relations Biological and Social Determinism Human behaviour is influenced by culture and biology (ref. Ch 4: Socialization). Gender differences: Women support environmentalism—genetic? Women live longer—genetic and social Men have higher mathematics scores Definitions Sex: biological trait, different chromosomes, size, hormones, and reproductive organs. Gender: a social construct: norms and expectations of masculinity and femininity. Gender identity: perception of oneself as a male or female. Gendered order: directs how males and females should act, includes norms, roles, ideology, etc. Gendered division of labour: in paid and unpaid work, males and females act “sex appropriately.” Structural Functionalism Gendered practices (e.g., division of labour) promote social stability: woman’s vulnerability needs protecting for reproduction, thus Women do private realm and expressive tasks Men do public realm and instrumental tasks But, 16% of families are lone-parent. Some women have a double shift Some men are caregivers Symbolic Interactionism Definitions of masculinity and femininity, gender norms, roles, and identity, are negotiable Children learn gendered behaviour through socialization Most behaviour is affected by what is defined as gender-appropriate, and when expectations are not met sanctions follow Gender is a continuum with androgyny—a blending—in the middle Marxist Conflict Perspective Marx’s co-author Engels likened women’s position in the family to the oppressed working class: each was like property. Modern socialists suggested that industrialization resulted in greater gender inequality than farming. Victorian culture worsened the division. Feminist Perspectives Patriarchy: traits associated with men are more valued than those associated with women. Liberal feminism: gender inequality can be remedied by giving women more opportunity. Socialist feminism: capitalism causes patriarchy, therefore eliminate capitalism. Radical feminism: eliminate male supremacy (the elimination of capitalism is unlikely) with, for example, in vitro fertilization, to permit females to control their bodies. Body Image Obesity among children aged 7 – 18 has tripled Weight is the largest factor determining satisfaction with ones body image Dissatisfaction with one’s body (especially weight) is widespread and begins early Cult of thinness (for girls) causes damage and death Anorexia: voluntary starvation Bulimia: overeating and then purging (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Both girls and boys have self-concept problems Boys are concerned with weight gain, leading to steroid use, and concerns about penis size Women are concerned with hips and breasts (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Media and fashion industry get blame for body image problems, but if no resistance, the agency of men and women is reduced Objectification: viewing a person as an object, especially a sexual object Ads featuring female bodies contribute to the gender gap More cosmetic surgery for women than men Gendered Wage Gap In 2002, 59.9% of women and 73.3% of men were in the labour force 28% of women and 11% of men work part-time. Female occupational ghettos remain, but women are less likely to major in nursing and education Women receive 58% of university degrees and increases are occurring in engineering Women still do more of the caring work at home (cont’d) Table 7.2 [Insert Table 7.2 – page 164] Gendered Wage Gap (cont’d) Women earn $0.73 for every $1.00 men earn For single women, it is $0.93; for married $0.69 Women expect lower entry salaries than men Factors like field of study, job responsibility, and work experience explain only a small part of the gap; other factors like discrimination and unequal division of household labour may explain more Gaps experienced over a lifetime can leave women at a disadvantage after retirement Experiencing Violence Recent studies have found much reciprocity in abuse, but is the abuse of the same quality? What is the Severity of abuse? Long-term repercussions? Workplace harassment, mostly of women, is not just about the greater power men often have Female bosses harass less Harassment can come from lower level men (cont’d) Experiencing Violence (cont’d) Comments may be sexist/ageist, especially if directed to weaker/more vulnerable people Pornography has been removed from workplaces, but some want greater restrictions. However, some women support freedom of expression. Men are killed at twice the rate of women Sexual assault: 9:1 female:male victim ratio How much is related to patriarchy and how much to proximity, alcohol, unequal size, etc.? Working Toward Change Employment equity: an employer must demonstrate why a male applicant would be better than a female before hiring him But what if the woman is rich and the man poor? Glass ceiling: invisible limit on women reaching top levels of management Many poor women have yet to feel any significant effect of changes from this chapter; those becoming professional have done well Table 7.3 [Insert Table 7.3 – page 169] Convergence Gap is closing Pay Job tenure Household responsibilities But is closing the gap: A high priority? (e.g., men have shorter lives) By one method better than another? (e.g., pay gap could be closed by paying men less) (cont’d) Convergence (cont’d) Efforts of women’s movement helped cause Organizations to be aware of gender issues Consciousness of dangers of sexism to be present Women to work for pay for much of their lives, and less in gender ghettoes Close pay gap Now visible minority and poor women are expressing their concerns. Click to edit Master title style Click to edit Master subtitle style * * * Chapter 7 Gender Relations Biological and Social Determinism Human behaviour is influenced by culture and biology (ref. Ch 4: Socialization). Gender differences: Women support environmentalism—genetic? Women live longer—genetic and social Men have higher mathematics scores Definitions Sex: biological trait, different chromosomes, size, hormones, and reproductive organs. Gender: a social construct: norms and expectations of masculinity and femininity. Gender identity: perception of oneself as a male or female. Gendered order: directs how males and females should act, includes norms, roles, ideology, etc. Gendered division of labour: in paid and unpaid work, males and females act “sex appropriately.” Structural Functionalism Gendered practices (e.g., division of labour) promote social stability: woman’s vulnerability needs protecting for reproduction, thus Women do private realm and expressive tasks Men do public realm and instrumental tasks But, 16% of families are lone-parent. Some women have a double shift Some men are caregivers Symbolic Interactionism Definitions of masculinity and femininity, gender norms, roles, and identity, are negotiable Children learn gendered behaviour through socialization Most behaviour is affected by what is defined as gender-appropriate, and when expectations are not met sanctions follow Gender is a continuum with androgyny—a blending—in the middle Marxist Conflict Perspective Marx’s co-author Engels likened women’s position in the family to the oppressed working class: each was like property. Modern socialists suggested that industrialization resulted in greater gender inequality than farming. Victorian culture worsened the division. Feminist Perspectives Patriarchy: traits associated with men are more valued than those associated with women. Liberal feminism: gender inequality can be remedied by giving women more opportunity. Socialist feminism: capitalism causes patriarchy, therefore eliminate capitalism. Radical feminism: eliminate male supremacy (the elimination of capitalism is unlikely) with, for example, in vitro fertilization, to permit females to control their bodies. Body Image Obesity among children aged 7 – 18 has tripled Weight is the largest factor determining satisfaction with ones body image Dissatisfaction with one’s body (especially weight) is widespread and begins early Cult of thinness (for girls) causes damage and death Anorexia: voluntary starvation Bulimia: overeating and then purging (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Both girls and boys have self-concept problems Boys are concerned with weight gain, leading to steroid use, and concerns about penis size Women are concerned with hips and breasts (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Media and fashion industry get blame for body image problems, but if no resistance, the agency of men and women is reduced Objectification: viewing a person as an object, especially a sexual object Ads featuring female bodies contribute to the gender gap More cosmetic surgery for women than men Gendered Wage Gap In 2002, 59.9% of women and 73.3% of men were in the labour force 28% of women and 11% of men work part-time. Female occupational ghettos remain, but women are less likely to major in nursing and education Women receive 58% of university degrees and increases are occurring in engineering Women still do more of the caring work at home (cont’d) Table 7.2 Gendered Wage Gap (cont’d) Women earn $0.73 for every $1.00 men earn For single women, it is $0.93; for married $0.69 Women expect lower entry salaries than men Factors like field of study, job responsibility, and work experience explain only a small part of the gap; other factors like discrimination and unequal division of household labour may explain more Gaps experienced over a lifetime can leave women at a disadvantage after retirement Experiencing Violence Recent studies have found much reciprocity in abuse, but is the abuse of the same quality? What is the Severity of abuse? Long-term repercussions? Workplace harassment, mostly of women, is not just about the greater power men often have Female bosses harass less Harassment can come from lower level men (cont’d) Experiencing Violence (cont’d) Comments may be sexist/ageist, especially if directed to weaker/more vulnerable people Pornography has been removed from workplaces, but some want greater restrictions. However, some women support freedom of expression. Men are killed at twice the rate of women Sexual assault: 9:1 female:male victim ratio How much is related to patriarchy and how much to proximity, alcohol, unequal size, etc.? Working Toward Change Employment equity: an employer must demonstrate why a male applicant would be better than a female before hiring him But what if the woman is rich and the man poor? Glass ceiling: invisible limit on women reaching top levels of management Many poor women have yet to feel any significant effect of changes from this chapter; those becoming professional have done well Table 7.3 Convergence Gap is closing Pay Job tenure Household responsibilities But is closing the gap: A high priority? (e.g., men have shorter lives) By one method better than another? (e.g., pay gap could be closed by paying men less) (cont’d) Convergence (cont’d) Efforts of women’s movement helped cause Organizations to be aware of gender issues Consciousness of dangers of sexism to be present Women to work for pay for much of their lives, and less in gender ghettoes Close pay gap Now visible minority and poor women are expressing their concerns. Chapter 7 Gender Relations Biological and Social Determinism Human behaviour is influenced by culture and biology (ref. Ch 4: Socialization). Gender differences: Women support environmentalism—genetic? Women live longer—genetic and social Men have higher mathematics scores Definitions Sex: biological trait, different chromosomes, size, hormones, and reproductive organs. Gender: a social construct: norms and expectations of masculinity and femininity. Gender identity: perception of oneself as a male or female. Gendered order: directs how males and females should act, includes norms, roles, ideology, etc. Gendered division of labour: in paid and unpaid work, males and females act “sex appropriately.” Structural Functionalism Gendered practices (e.g., division of labour) promote social stability: woman’s vulnerability needs protecting for reproduction, thus Women do private realm and expressive tasks Men do public realm and instrumental tasks But, 16% of families are lone-parent. Some women have a double shift Some men are caregivers Symbolic Interactionism Definitions of masculinity and femininity, gender norms, roles, and identity, are negotiable Children learn gendered behaviour through socialization Most behaviour is affected by what is defined as gender-appropriate, and when expectations are not met sanctions follow Gender is a continuum with androgyny—a blending—in the middle Marxist Conflict Perspective Marx’s co-author Engels likened women’s position in the family to the oppressed working class: each was like property. Modern socialists suggested that industrialization resulted in greater gender inequality than farming. Victorian culture worsened the division. Feminist Perspectives Patriarchy: traits associated with men are more valued than those associated with women. Liberal feminism: gender inequality can be remedied by giving women more opportunity. Socialist feminism: capitalism causes patriarchy, therefore eliminate capitalism. Radical feminism: eliminate male supremacy (the elimination of capitalism is unlikely) with, for example, in vitro fertilization, to permit females to control their bodies. Body Image Obesity among children aged 7 – 18 has tripled Weight is the largest factor determining satisfaction with ones body image Dissatisfaction with one’s body (especially weight) is widespread and begins early Cult of thinness (for girls) causes damage and death Anorexia: voluntary starvation Bulimia: overeating and then purging (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Both girls and boys have self-concept problems Boys are concerned with weight gain, leading to steroid use, and concerns about penis size Women are concerned with hips and breasts (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Media and fashion industry get blame for body image problems, but if no resistance, the agency of men and women is reduced Objectification: viewing a person as an object, especially a sexual object Ads featuring female bodies contribute to the gender gap More cosmetic surgery for women than men Gendered Wage Gap In 2002, 59.9% of women and 73.3% of men were in the labour force 28% of women and 11% of men work part-time. Female occupational ghettos remain, but women are less likely to major in nursing and education Women receive 58% of university degrees and increases are occurring in engineering Women still do more of the caring work at home (cont’d) Table 7.2 Gendered Wage Gap (cont’d) Women earn $0.73 for every $1.00 men earn For single women, it is $0.93; for married $0.69 Women expect lower entry salaries than men Factors like field of study, job responsibility, and work experience explain only a small part of the gap; other factors like discrimination and unequal division of household labour may explain more Gaps experienced over a lifetime can leave women at a disadvantage after retirement Experiencing Violence Recent studies have found much reciprocity in abuse, but is the abuse of the same quality? What is the Severity of abuse? Long-term repercussions? Workplace harassment, mostly of women, is not just about the greater power men often have Female bosses harass less Harassment can come from lower level men (cont’d) Experiencing Violence (cont’d) Comments may be sexist/ageist, especially if directed to weaker/more vulnerable people Pornography has been removed from workplaces, but some want greater restrictions. However, some women support freedom of expression. Men are killed at twice the rate of women Sexual assault: 9:1 female:male victim ratio How much is related to patriarchy and how much to proximity, alcohol, unequal size, etc.? Working Toward Change Employment equity: an employer must demonstrate why a male applicant would be better than a female before hiring him But what if the woman is rich and the man poor? Glass ceiling: invisible limit on women reaching top levels of management Many poor women have yet to feel any significant effect of changes from this chapter; those becoming professional have done well Table 7.3 Convergence Gap is closing Pay Job tenure Household responsibilities But is closing the gap: A high priority? (e.g., men have shorter lives) By one method better than another? (e.g., pay gap could be closed by paying men less) (cont’d) Convergence (cont’d) Efforts of women’s movement helped cause Organizations to be aware of gender issues Consciousness of dangers of sexism to be present Women to work for pay for much of their lives, and less in gender ghettoes Close pay gap Now visible minority and poor women are expressing their concerns. Chapter 7 Gender Relations Biological and Social Determinism Human behaviour is influenced by culture and biology (ref. Ch 4: Socialization). Gender differences: Women support environmentalism—genetic? Women live longer—genetic and social Men have higher mathematics scores Definitions Sex: biological trait, different chromosomes, size, hormones, and reproductive organs. Gender: a social construct: norms and expectations of masculinity and femininity. Gender identity: perception of oneself as a male or female. Gendered order: directs how males and females should act, includes norms, roles, ideology, etc. Gendered division of labour: in paid and unpaid work, males and females act “sex appropriately.” Structural Functionalism Gendered practices (e.g., division of labour) promote social stability: woman’s vulnerability needs protecting for reproduction, thus Women do private realm and expressive tasks Men do public realm and instrumental tasks But, 16% of families are lone-parent. Some women have a double shift Some men are caregivers Symbolic Interactionism Definitions of masculinity and femininity, gender norms, roles, and identity, are negotiable Children learn gendered behaviour through socialization Most behaviour is affected by what is defined as gender-appropriate, and when expectations are not met sanctions follow Gender is a continuum with androgyny—a blending—in the middle Marxist Conflict Perspective Marx’s co-author Engels likened women’s position in the family to the oppressed working class: each was like property. Modern socialists suggested that industrialization resulted in greater gender inequality than farming. Victorian culture worsened the division. Feminist Perspectives Patriarchy: traits associated with men are more valued than those associated with women. Liberal feminism: gender inequality can be remedied by giving women more opportunity. Socialist feminism: capitalism causes patriarchy, therefore eliminate capitalism. Radical feminism: eliminate male supremacy (the elimination of capitalism is unlikely) with, for example, in vitro fertilization, to permit females to control their bodies. Body Image Obesity among children aged 7 – 18 has tripled Weight is the largest factor determining satisfaction with ones body image Dissatisfaction with one’s body (especially weight) is widespread and begins early Cult of thinness (for girls) causes damage and death Anorexia: voluntary starvation Bulimia: overeating and then purging (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Both girls and boys have self-concept problems Boys are concerned with weight gain, leading to steroid use, and concerns about penis size Women are concerned with hips and breasts (cont’d) Body Image (cont’d) Media and fashion industry get blame for body image problems, but if no resistance, the agency of men and women is reduced Objectification: viewing a person as an object, especially a sexual object Ads featuring female bodies contribute to the gender gap More cosmetic surgery for women than men Gendered Wage Gap In 2002, 59.9% of women and 73.3% of men were in the labour force 28% of women and 11% of men work part-time. Female occupational ghettos remain, but women are less likely to major in nursing and education Women receive 58% of university degrees and increases are occurring in engineering Women still do more of the caring work at home (cont’d) Table 7.2 Gendered Wage Gap (cont’d) Women earn $0.73 for every $1.00 men earn For single women, it is $0.93; for married $0.69 Women expect lower entry salaries than men Factors like field of study, job responsibility, and work experience explain only a small part of the gap; other factors like discrimination and unequal division of household labour may explain more Gaps experienced over a lifetime can leave women at a disadvantage after retirement Experiencing Violence Recent studies have found much reciprocity in abuse, but is the abuse of the same quality? What is the Severity of abuse? Long-term repercussions? Workplace harassment, mostly of women, is not just about the greater power men often have Female bosses harass less Harassment can come from lower level men (cont’d) Experiencing Violence (cont’d) Comments may be sexist/ageist, especially if directed to weaker/more vulnerable people Pornography has been removed from workplaces, but some want greater restrictions. However, some women support freedom of expression. Men are killed at twice the rate of women Sexual assault: 9:1 female:male victim ratio How much is related to patriarchy and how much to proximity, alcohol, unequal size, etc.? Working Toward Change Employment equity: an employer must demonstrate why a male applicant would be better than a female before hiring him But what if the woman is rich and the man poor? Glass ceiling: invisible limit on women reaching top levels of management Many poor women have yet to feel any significant effect of changes from this chapter; those becoming professional have done well Table 7.3 Convergence Gap is closing Pay Job tenure Household responsibilities But is closing the gap: A high priority? (e.g., men have shorter lives) By one method better than another? (e.g., pay gap could be closed by paying men less) (cont’d) Convergence (cont’d) Efforts of women’s movement helped cause Organizations to be aware of gender issues Consciousness of dangers of sexism to be present Women to work for pay for much of their lives, and less in gender ghettoes Close pay gap Now visible minority and poor women are expressing their concerns.