Research Methods in Human Sexuality in a world of Diversity.docx

Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity RESEARCH METHODS IN HUMAN SEXUALITY 2.1 Multiple Choice 1) The empirical approach to studying human sexuality is based on A) intuition. B) subjective evidence. C) superstition. D) research evidence. Answer: D 2) Rosita gained her knowledge about sex from television shows, movies, and friends. Those sources are A) accurate because so many people trust them. B) accurate if one looks at the story lines. C) often subject to misinformation. D) considered timely and scientific. Answer: C Page Ref: 32 Objective: LO 2.1; APA 3 3) Critical thinking and the scientific approach are similar in that they A) share the same theories. B) make assumptions. C) embrace skepticism. D) seek truth. Answer: C 4) All of the following are elements of the scientific method EXCEPT A) performing a Web search on a topic. B) formulating a research question. C) framing the research question in the form of a hypothesis. D) drawing conclusions. Answer: A 5) The hypothesis is a A) grounded theory. B) precise prediction. C) controlled experimentation. D) statement of truth. Answer: B 6) Marcelo wonders if people masturbate because they do not have partners available to have sex with. He predicts that people having frequent sex will masturbate less, and that people who have less sex will masturbate more due to their "deprivation." He creates a survey to ask people how frequently they currently have sex and how frequently they masturbate. He finds the opposite of his prediction! Marcelo's experience is an example of A) why scientific methods can confuse our beliefs with inconsistent findings. B) how scientific methods are inferior to intuition because people clearly masturbate when they do not have sexual partners available. C) using scientific methods to test a hypothesis and gain information about sexuality. D) an incomplete use of the scientific method. Answer: C 7) Which of the following is NOT a goal of science? A) Coercion B) Explanation C) Prediction D) Control of events Answer: A 8) Inference allows scientists to move from observations of events to A) an unbiased description. B) models that help explain them. C) controlling events. D) results. Answer: B 9) In describing his dog's sexual behaviors, Frank says his dog is the "stud" of the local neighborhood, describing how his dog regularly visits nearby female dogs. Frank's explanation shows A) cultural relativism. B) empiricism. C) objective description. D) anthropomorphism. Answer: D 10) All of the following are examples of demographic variables EXCEPT A) the age of an individual. B) the individual's heart condition. C) the religious background of a respondent. D) where the respondent lives. Answer: B -34 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 11) In the goals of science, the concept of "controlling human behavior" means A) coercing people to change a behavior. B) expanding people's sexual horizons. C) helping people to create goals and meet them. D) limiting personal sexual expression. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 12) In scientific research, a population is A) individuals in a research study. B) a representative sample. C) a complete group of organisms. D) a percentage of a large group. Answer: C Page Ref: 34 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 1 13) Why do researchers choose NOT to measure an entire population? A) The data are not as reliable as data from a sample. B) Populations are not representative of the sample. C) Many studies have already studied a population. D) It is often impossible to study all of a population. Answer: D Page Ref: 34 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 3 14) If you were interested in the sexual behavior of all students enrolled in university human sexuality courses, then all students enrolled in university human sexuality courses is the A) sample. B) target population. C) representative sample. D) randomized sample. Answer: B Page Ref: 34 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 15) Individuals participating in a research study make up a A) sample. B) group. C) population. D) faction. Answer: A Page Ref: 34 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 1 16) A random sample is one in which A) every member of the target population has an equal chance of participating. B) people who happen to be available are used. C) no plan is used for recruiting participants. D) persons with required characteristics are selected. Answer: A Page Ref: 35 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 1 17) When subgroups of a population are represented in a sample in proportion to their numbers in the population, the sample is known as a A) random sample. B) stratified random sample. C) systematic area sample. D) proportional sample. Answer: B Page Ref: 35 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 18) If randomly selected people refuse to participate in studies, A) researchers may have too many individuals for their study. B) volunteers are likely to be more "uptight." C) the representativeness of a sample is likely to be lost. D) participants may have to be coerced to volunteer for the study. Answer: C Page Ref: 35 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 19) Dr. Wong is conducting a long-term study of a single individual who has an unusual sexual problem. Dr. Wong is using which of the following methods? A) Experimental B) Survey C) Correlational D) Case study Answer: D Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 20) A researcher would likely choose to use a case study methodology if A) the focus is on understanding a small group. B) they want the study to be anonymous. C) they have a study sample that is randomly selected. D) they only have one opportunity to question their sample. Answer: A Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 21) Case studies often have been a method for A) reporting new treatments of sexual dysfunctions. B) developing new sexual techniques. C) recording ethnic differences in sexual response. D) identifying social barriers reported by homosexuals. Answer: A Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 22) One disadvantage of the case-study method is A) rich and persuasive information on research participants. B) the potential for observer bias. C) too little contact time between subject and researcher. D) the representation of too diverse a point of view. Answer: B Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 23) An advantage to using interviews instead of questionnaires is that A) interviews are more objective. B) they take less time to administer. C) they have fewer expenses. D) interviewers can probe answers. Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 24) The survey type that allows the interviewer with the most amount of flexibility when asking planned and follow-up questions is the A) face-to-face interview. B) written questionnaire. C) Internet survey. D) representative sample. Answer: A Page Ref: 36-37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 25) All of the following are advantages of the survey method EXCEPT A) questionnaires are less expensive than interviews to develop. B) they can be administered to many people at the same time. C) questionnaires can be used by people who cannot read. D) respondents can return them anonymously. Answer: C Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 26) The major surveys used in research studies of sexuality are similar in that they A) generally represent the American population at large. B) ask about intimate and private aspects of participants' lives. C) usually are equally scientific in their methods and conclusions. D) typically focus on the incidence of sexual activities. Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 27) In the 1940s, ______________ pioneered the use of large scale studies of sexual behavior and attitudes. A) Cheney B) Hite C) Masters D) Kinsey Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 28) How did Kinsey and his colleagues obtain their sample? A) They started asking friends and family, then friends of those friends, and so on until they had a large sample. B) They contacted organizations or community groups, and attempted to get full participation from the group. C) They randomly called individuals using telephone books from across the country. D) They polled college students from most Midwestern universities. Answer: B Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 29) In his studies, Kinsey used A) interviews. B) a case study method. C) group survey methods. D) mailed questionnaires. Answer: A Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 30) Because Kinsey's research participants were grouped from various organizations and communities, his sample was A) a stratified random sample. B) not embarrassed or uncomfortable. C) not representative of the general population. D) an accredited sample. Answer: C Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 31) Which of the following groups were underrepresented in Kinsey's studies? A) Gays, lesbians, and urban populations B) Elderly, upper class, and urban populations C) Upper class, ethnic populations, and Christians D) Poor, ethnic, and rural populations Answer: D Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 32) Even though Kinsey's population was unrepresentative of some groups, which of the following statements is generalizable? A) There is a positive link between level of education and participation in oral sex. B) 37% of males reached orgasm through male-male sexual activity. C) Catholic participants were uncomfortable discussing masturbation. D) People in rural areas chose not to participate in Kinsey's study. Answer: A Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 33) All of the following were measures taken by Kinsey and colleagues to help urge honest answers, EXCEPT: A) They assured participants that their record would be kept confidential. B) Interviewers trained and practiced being non-judgmental in the interview. C) Interviewers practiced keeping a steady tone of voice and maintaining eye contact. D) They used male interviewers for male participants, and female interviewers for female participants. Answer: D Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 34) In what ways did Kinsey encourage honesty in his subject? A) He assured subjects that their answers were confidential. B) The interviewers were trained to be objective. C) The subjects were assured that no judgment was being passed on their behavior. D) All of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 35) If you tried to conduct a survey of sexual behavior, which of the following would encourage you that your participants were answering reliably? A) The frequency of behaviors that your participants report initially changes considerably when asking them again after 18 months. B) When interviewing spouses separately, they report very similar behaviors and frequencies of their sexual behaviors. C) Participants' responses to your friendliest interviewer were more revealing than responses to your least friendly interviewer. D) The frequencies of sexual behavior reported in your sample are larger than in any other available study. Answer: B Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 36) How did Kinsey attempt to validate his subjects' responses? A) He compared the reports of husbands and wives. B) He assured participants that their responses would be confidential. C) He trained interviewers not to show emotional responses. D) He re-interviewed subjects 18 months later. Answer: A Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 37) Kinsey checked the reliability of his data by A) recording interviews and checking them against the interviewers' notes. B) checking individual's responses against their partners' response. C) reexamining interviewees after at least 18 months had passed. D) mailing out a questionnaire two weeks after the interview. Answer: C Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 38) In reliability studies done 18 months after his original surveys, Kinsey found A) significant changes in the sexual behavior of his subjects. B) consistency in the frequency of sexual behavior reported by his subjects. C) consistency in the incidence of sexual behavior reported by his subjects. D) inconsistencies in the incidence of sexual behavior reported by his subjects. Answer: C Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 39) The National Health and Social Life Survey was A) conducted by the United States and French government. B) supported solely by U.S. government funds. C) originally supported by U.S. government funds, but then conducted under private funding. D) supported from the tobacco settlement funds. Answer: C Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 40) Which of the following ethnicities were best represented in The National Health and Social Life Survey? A) Latino and Latina Americans B) Asian Americans C) Native Americans D) Jewish Americans Answer: A Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 41) All of the following are ways that The National Health and Social Life Survey encouraged completion of the questionnaire, EXCEPT A) identities of participants were kept confidential. B) incentives up to $100 were offered. C) a letter was sent to each household, then the interviewer visited one week later. D) the sexual aspect of the survey was originally concealed from the participants. Answer: D Page Ref: 38-39 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 42) According to the results from the National Survey of Adolescents and Young Adults, A) the majority of adolescents believe in waiting until marriage to have sex, and believe most of their peers wait. B) the majority of adolescents sampled said that they would like to have more information about STIs. C) the majority of adolescents correctly identified that condoms could offer protection from some STIs. D) most adolescents correctly identified that oral sex carries risks of transmitting some STIs. Answer: B Page Ref: 44 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 43) One of the best studies since Kinsey to offer an accurate picture of the sexual practice of the general population in the United States was the A) The National Health and Social Life Survey. B) Masters and Johnson. C) The Hite Report. D) The Family Counsel Survey. Answer: A Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 3 44) Which of the following surveys probably offered the most accurate picture of the sexual practices of the general population in the United States? A) The Kinsey Surveys B) The National Survey of Family Growth C) The Bell and Weinberg surveys D) The Family Counsel Survey Answer: B Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 3 45) Which ethnic population was either not surveyed or was underrepresented in The National Health and Social Life Survey studies? A) Asian Americans B) Native Americans C) Latino and Latina Americans D) European Americans Answer: B Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 46) According to the National Surveys on Family Growth, the percentage of 15-19 year olds in the U. S. who report engaging in sexual intercourse over the last two decades has A) risen dramatically. B) plummeted until 200 and has shot up since. C) been exactly the same. D) dropped steadily. Answer: D Page Ref: 40 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 47) According to the National Surveys on Family Growth, which of the following is true of 15-19 year olds in the U. S. who report engaging in sexual intercourse over the last two decades? A) Males report higher rates compared to females. B) Females report higher rates compared to males. C) Males and females report exactly the same rate in every sample. D) Many more males than females refused to answer this question. Answer: A Page Ref: 40 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 48) According to the National Surveys on Family Growth, which of the following is true of the gender gap between males and females 15-19 year olds who report engaging in sexual intercourse over the last two decades? A) The gap is widening. B) The gap is narrowing. C) There is no gap. D) The gap is related to overall poorly health. Answer: B Page Ref: 40 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 49) Which of the following statements is true regarding surveys conducted by magazines such as Psychology Today, Redbook, and Elle? A) The large sample size of these surveys makes them meaningful contributions to sexology. B) The sampling techniques in most of these surveys were scientific and unbiased. C) These surveys give accurate insights to the attitudes of the magazines' readership. D) These surveys use unscientific samples and cannot be generalized to a population. Answer: D Page Ref: 44 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 50) Which of the following statements about surveys is most accurate? A) Although surveys of the general population are useful, it can be valuable to target a particular, smaller population to better understand that group. B) Surveys that apply to broader populations are superior to surveys targeting groups. C) Large-scale surveys are better suited for testing questions about smaller groups in America. D) No survey method is better than any others; decisions of the size and scope of a survey typically reflect the biases of the researcher or the availability of funding. Answer: A Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 51) Fisher et al. (2012) reported that men in their study reported __________ thoughts about sex compared to the number women reported A) significantly more B) the same amount of C) significantly less D) significantly more homosexual Answer: A Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 52) A Facebook survey of sexual behavior is likely to be flawed due to A) too large a sample. B) poorly worded questions. C) biased sampling. D) the ease of finding pornography on the internet. Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 3 53) In survey research, the problem of participants providing responses that they think are acceptable instead of honest responses is called A) social desirability. B) denial. C) contradiction. D) volunteer bias. Answer: A Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 54) The process of gathering information from volunteer respondents about their knowledge, attitudes, or behaviors is called A) a case study. B) correlational research. C) a survey. D) an experiment. Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 55) What is the term used when a researcher encounters a participant who feels pressured to answer a survey or interview question in a certain way? A) Volunteer bias B) Observational desirability C) Social desirability D) Group aptness Answer: C Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 56) In a sexual survey, a participant brags to the interviewer that he has had twelve different partners in the last year when, in actuality, he has had only two. This participant presents a research limitation called A) observer bias. B) volunteer bias. C) social desirability. D) denial. Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 57) When a survey respondent does not answer honestly, how are they probably forming responses? A) They probably are underreporting behaviors that are embarrassing or that could be illegal. B) They are probably overreporting behaviors that are bizarre or extreme in order to invalidate the survey results. C) They are probably randomly making responses to questions. D) They may hide information that they either fear or are embarrassed to reveal, or they may exaggerate to get attention or to play with the survey. Answer: D Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 58) In sex research surveys, an unavoidable bias in the people who participate may be A) an overrepresentation of older adults. B) more permissive attitudes about sex. C) a lack of education. D) more conservative beliefs about premarital sex. Answer: B Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 59) In the naturalistic observation method, A) scientists directly observe the behavior of animals and humans where it happens. B) scientists study sexual behaviors and customs among ethnic groups. C) scientists send surveys or questionnaires directly to the participant's home. D) scientists participate in the behavior of the participants. Answer: A Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.6; APA 2 60) Scientists are likely to do which of the following in naturalistic observation? A) Manipulate a variable and observe its effects on a second variable. B) Interview subjects about their attitudes and lifestyle. C) Learn about people's behavior by directly interacting with them. D) Watch the behavior of animals and humans where it happens. Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.6; APA 3 61) A naturalistic observation is also known as a A) lab study. B) field study. C) mall study. D) volunteer study. Answer: B Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.6; APA 1 62) Scientists take precautions to keep naturalistic observations A) brief. B) unobtrusive. C) conspicuous. D) light-hearted. Answer: B Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.6; APA 3 63) Which of the following is a likely behavior of a naturalistic observer that is conducting a research study? A) Inform authorities of illicit sexual behavior. B) Allow a sick animal to die. C) Report substance abuse to the authorities. D) Mend the broken leg of a puppy. Answer: B Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.6; APA 2 64) In the ethnographic observation method, A) scientists directly observe the behavior of animals and humans where it happens. B) scientists study sexual behaviors and customs that occur among ethnic groups. C) scientists send surveys or questionnaires directly to the participant's home. D) scientists intervene and influence the behavior of the participants. Answer: B Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.7; APA 2 65) Which of the following scientists would typically specialize and engage in ethnographic research? A) Psychologists B) Sociocultural theorists C) Anthropologists D) Cultural biologists Answer: C Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.7; APA 8 66) Anthropologist Margaret Mead reported on the customs of various people of New Guinea. The type of research she conducted was A) survey research. B) experimental research. C) laboratory observation. D) ethnographic research. Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.7; APA 8 67) Anthropologist Margaret Mead reported on the customs of various people of New Guinea by examining A) language barriers to successful mating. B) age differences in childbearing. C) gender roles. D) homosexuality. Answer: C Page Ref: 44 Objective: LO 2.7; APA 8 68) Anthropologist Margaret Mead reported on the customs of various people of New Guinea and argued that gender roles A) were consistent across all three societies. B) were nonexistent in all three societies. C) varied dramatically across all three societies. D) could not be examined. Answer: C Page Ref: 44 Objective: LO 2.7; APA 8 69) When researchers in the past engaged in sexual intercourse at "swinging parties," the researchers claimed to be using what research method? A) Ethnographic B) Participant observation C) Anthropological D) Naturalistic observation Answer: B Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.8; APA 2 70) Researchers studying mate-swapping in the 1970s represented themselves as swingers seeking sexual relations. These researchers used a method called A) field observation. B) ethnographic research. C) anthropological research. D) participant observation. Answer: D Page Ref: 43 Objective: LO 2.8; APA 2 71) The first researchers to report direct laboratory observations of couples engaged in sexual activity were A) Kinsey and his colleagues. B) Masters and Johnson. C) Ford and Beach. D) Kinsey and Hunt. Answer: B Page Ref: 44 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 72) Masters and Johnson's early work scientifically described A) male reproductive anatomy. B) the human sexual response. C) female reproductive anatomy. D) the flirting behavior of adults. Answer: B Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 73) Which of the following characterized initial public reactions to Masters and Johnson's research? A) Their first book revolutionized general medicine. B) There was a popular movement seeking more funding for sex research. C) Their studies were denounced as immoral. D) Masters received additional funding from his sponsoring institution. Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 74) Masters and Johnson found that the human sexual response of males and females was comprised of how many phases? A) Three for both males and females B) Three for males and four for females C) Four for both males and females D) Four for males and three for females Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 75) In sex research, laboratory observation is limited because A) people are reluctant to share their sexual histories before participating. B) it is always difficult to get people to participate in sex research. C) sexual activities performed in a lab may differ from those in private. D) many people cannot perform the activities requested by researchers. Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 2 76) In the laboratory observation method, A) scientists directly observe the behavior of animals in the laboratory, but set it up to reflect natural surroundings. B) scientists study sexual behaviors and customs that occur among ethnic groups. C) scientists bring individuals out of their natural settings into the laboratory. D) scientists learn about participants' behavior by interacting with them. Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 2 77) Masters and Johnson believed that to understand the human sexual response, researchers should A) ask people on the street about sex. B) have people fill out questionnaires. C) study actual physical responses to sexual stimulation. D) draw scientific conclusions from memory. Answer: C Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 3 78) Which of the following is true regarding Masters and Johnson's recruitment of participants for their studies? A) Some participants were medical students or patients of the researchers. B) Participants were randomly selected using phone lists. C) Participants included men who attended strip clubs. D) Participants only included heterosexuals. Answer: A Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 79) The instruments in Masters and Johnson's study did NOT allow them to measure A) vasocongestion. B) physiological responses. C) myotonia. D) emotional responses. Answer: D Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 80) A penile strain gauge A) was used by Masters and Johnson to study changes in women's internal sex organs. B) measures a man's erectile response by recording changes in the length of the penis. C) indicates the level of blood congestion by measuring the amount of light reflected from the internal sex organs. D) measures a man's erectile response by recording changes in the circumference of the penis. Answer: D Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 81) Physiological measurement of sexual arousal in women is measured using a vaginal photoplethysmograph which A) indicates the level of blood congestion using a small, noninvasive biological camera. B) measures the amount of vaginal fluids secreted at various times of arousal. C) was used by Masters and Johnson to study changes in women's external sex organs. D) indicates the level of blood congestion using the amount of light reflected in the vaginal walls. Answer: D Page Ref: 46 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 82) How do measurements from plethysmography compare to subjective ratings of sexual arousal? A) It is not clear how to interpret results when they produce discrepant indications of sexual arousal. B) In general, subjective ratings of sexual arousal are more valid indicators of a person's true arousal. C) In general, plethysmography is more accurate at measuring sexual arousal than subjective ratings. D) Plethysmography typically produces identical results to subjective ratings of sexual arousal. Answer: A Page Ref: 46 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 83) In general, Viagra and similar erectile dysfunction drugs have been shown A) to not work for either men or women. B) to work for men but not for women. C) to work for women but not for men. D) to work equally well for both men and women. Answer: B Page Ref: 45 Objective: LO 2.9; APA 1 84) The strength and direction of the relationship between two variables is expressed with a statistic called the A) central tendency. B) correlation coefficient. C) standard deviation. D) selection factor. Answer: B Page Ref: 47 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 85) The correlational method can be used for all of the following EXCEPT to A) determine positive or negative relationships. B) show the strength or direction of the relationship. C) show cause and effect. D) make predictions. Answer: C Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 86) If Karen is interested in the relationship between using Viagra and participating in risky sexual behaviors, which research method would she probably use? A) Correlational research B) Laboratory observation C) Naturalistic observation D) Ethnography Answer: A Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 87) Correlational research A) looks for margins of error between two variables. B) investigates the causal relationship between two variables. C) studies the effect of change in one variable on a second variable. D) describes the relationship between two variables. Answer: D Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 88) If a study shows that there is a positive correlation between frequency of masturbation and frequency of intercourse with partners, then this means that A) people who masturbate more also tend to have sex with partners more frequently. B) people who masturbate more tend to have sex less frequently with partners. C) masturbating more is a sign that people do not have frequent sex with partners. D) masturbating leads people to be more sexual with their partners. Answer: A Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 89) A researcher finds that Variable A correlates with Variable B. Which of the following is a correct interpretation of this result? A) Variable B causes Variable A. B) Variable A causes Variable B. C) Some other variable causes both A and B. D) All of the above are possible. Answer: D Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 90) A correlation can be used for with of the following goals of science? A) Prediction B) Explanation C) Inference D) Argument Answer: A Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 91) Dr. Pill wants to better predict which young women will likely be at risk of suffering from painful sexual intercourse. Which of the following methods would aid Dr. Pill's prediction? A) Astrology B) Naturalistic observation C) Correlational research D) Participant observation Answer: C Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.10; APA 2 92) The best method for studying cause-and-effect relationships is the A) correlational method. B) experimental method. C) observational method. D) survey method. Answer: B Page Ref: 48 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 93) In experimental research, the treatment groups typically A) are levels of the dependent variable. B) are levels of the independent variable. C) reflect the values of the researcher. D) are control variables. Answer: B Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 94) In an experiment, the variable that is manipulated or controlled by the researcher is the A) dependent variable. B) control variable. C) independent variable. D) therapy variable. Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 95) Ricardo, a participant in an experiment, was assigned to a group that receives no treatment. Ricardo is in the A) dependent group. B) independent group. C) experimental group. D) control group. Answer: D Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 96) Boris participated in an experiment and was assigned to the group that received the experimental treatment. He was in the A) dependent group. B) independent group. C) experimental group. D) control group. Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 97) The variable an experimenter is interested in is systematically changed between or among groups while all other variables are held constant. The variable of interest is called the A) independent variable. B) experimental variable. C) control variable. D) dependent variable. Answer: A Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 98) A researcher wants to study the effect of exercise on sexual responsiveness. She assigns individuals to two groups. One group participates in structured exercise four times a week. The other group does not participate in the exercise program. Each week, individuals complete a questionnaire regarding sexual responsiveness. What is the dependent variable in this study? A) No exercise B) Exercise four times a week C) Participants' sexual responsiveness D) The passage of time Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 99) An independent variable is ________ ; a dependent variable is ________ . A) the manipulated variable; the measured result B) the treatment; the manipulated variable C) the manipulated variable; the treatment D) the measured result; the manipulated variable. Answer: A Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 100) The variable manipulated by the researcher in an experimental study is the A) control variable. B) independent variable. C) placebo. D) dependent variable. Answer: B Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 101) An experimenter claims that going to church increases marital happiness. In order to make this claim, the experimenter must have used what type of research? A) Observational study B) Experimental study C) Correlational study D) Survey study Answer: B Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 102) In a study of the effects of sex education on teenage pregnancy, A) sex education would be the dependent variable. B) the incidence of sex among teenagers would be the dependent variable. C) the incidence of teenage pregnancy would be the independent variable. D) the incidence of teenage pregnancy would be the dependent variable. Answer: D Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 103) In an experiment, researchers can be reasonably confident that the treatment brought about the observed results if they use A) different geographic regions for their study. B) valid treatments in the study. C) random assignment of study participants to treatment groups. D) experimental groups in the study. Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 2 104) A bias that may operate in research when people are allowed to determine whether or not they will receive a treatment is called a A) volunteer bias. B) treatment bias. C) selection factor. D) experimenter bias. Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 3 105) Allowing only members of your target population who volunteer to participate in the study will likely result in A) social desirability bias. B) sexual bias. C) self-selection bias. D) self-report bias. Answer: C Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.11; APA 3 106) Which of the following is a true statement regarding the use of the experimental method? A) Experimenters cannot manipulate some variables of interest. B) Experimenters must take care to advertise their sexual research as good science. C) Experimenters are normally granted permission to manipulate a variable even if it would usually be against the law. D) Experimenters can sometimes include unethical manipulations if they can demonstrate that the research serves the greater good. Answer: A Page Ref: 49 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 107) Which of the following topics could be tested ethically using the experimental method? A) The effects of cohabitation on the duration of college romances B) The effects of a child seeing his/her parents having sex on later adult sexual functioning C) The effects of exposure to hormones during pregnancy on adult sexual orientation D) The effects of Viagra on male sexual response Answer: D Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 108) Before participating in a sexual research project, a participant reads a document that describes the nature of the study and the potential risk and benefits. This is called A) informed instruction. B) biasing the research. C) prior consent. D) informed consent. Answer: D Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 109) A researcher cannot expose human fetuses to sex hormones to learn whether they cause a participant's sexual orientation because A) the mother may not protect the confidentiality of the fetus. B) the fetus cannot consent. C) of the controversy surrounding embryonic stem cell research. D) the fetus may be subjected to physical harm. Answer: D Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 110) Which best describes what is normally included in informed consent? A) Once individuals agree to participate, they must complete the study. B) Individuals are told about the incentives of the study. C) Individuals are told about the benefits and risks of the study, not procedures. D) Individuals are informed about procedures, risks, and benefits of the study. Answer: D Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 111) Jessica participated in an experiment. When it was over, she was provided with an explanation of the experiment's purpose and potential contributions to science. This is an example of A) debriefing. B) deception detection. C) confidentiality. D) informed consent. Answer: A Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 112) When a researcher intentionally does not inform participants about the true purposes and methods of a research study, the researcher is using A) unethical procedures. B) coercion. C) deception. D) a control group. Answer: C Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 113) A friend of yours tells you that he is interested in volunteering for a study on human sexuality. He is nervous that he might have to do things that he does not want to do. Given the information in the text, which of the following is the most accurate response to your friend's concern? A) "Sex research often includes embarrassing experiences, but that is what everyone who participates will go through." B) "Sex researchers will inform you of what is involved in the study, and you can choose whether you want to take part after knowing more fully what is involved in participating." C) "It is worth doing anything you have to do in the study so that you can say you took part in sex research." D) "Ethical violations sometimes happen, especially in sex research. You should hire a lawyer first." Answer: B Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 114) Which of the following is the most important ethical safeguard in human sexuality research? A) Researchers must assign subjects randomly. B) Researchers must maintain their subjectivity. C) Researchers must protect participants from all types of harm. D) Researchers must define terms operationally. Answer: C Page Ref: 50 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 5 115) The Tuskegee Syphilis Study is an example of which of the following? A) The need for ethical oversight of research B) The problem of including informed consent that is too detailed C) The research the aided the advancement of African American rights in the U.S. D) The potential harm that can come to participants when asked questions about sexuality Answer: A Page Ref: 51 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 116) Which of the following ethical violations occurred during the Tuskegee Syphilis Study? A) The men had been misled as to the purposes of the study and the treatments they were given. B) The men were not protected from harm; rather, they were allowed to suffer. C) The men were not given full informed consent over the course of the study. D) All of the above Answer: D Page Ref: 51 Objective: LO 2.12; APA 2.2 True/False 1) Skepticism is central to the scientific approach. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 32 Objective: LO 2.1; APA 3 2) A hypothesis is a precise prediction about behavior that can be tested empirically. Answer: TRUE Objective: LO 2.1; APA 2 3) Any clearly stated question can be a scientific hypothesis. Answer: FALSE Objective: LO 2.1; APA 2 4) A failure to support a hypothesis means that the theory that was the framework for the hypothesis should be discarded. Answer: FALSE Objective: LO 2.1; APA 2 5) To control behavior, sexual researchers tell people how they should behave. Answer: FALSE 6) The science of human sexuality tells people how they ought to behave. Answer: FALSE Objective: LO 2.2; APA 5 7) The individuals who participate in research are said to compose the population of interest. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 34 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 8) A sample of millions of Americans would give an accurate picture of the sexual behavior of the general population. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 35 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 9) The best way to ensure a representative sample would be to select randomly from everyone in the population of interest. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 10) A volunteer sample may be different from those people who refused to participate. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 35 Objective: LO 2.3; APA 2 11) Researchers may conduct case studies by examining public records. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 12) Case studies require that the subject be alive to be studied. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 13) A case study can be conducted on an individual or on a small group. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 14) Because of the richness derived from case studies, they are as rigorous a research design as an experiment. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 36 Objective: LO 2.4; APA 2 15) Assuring anonymity to survey respondents may encourage them to disclose intimate information. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 16) Kinsey's samples represented the general United States population during the 1940s. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 37 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 3 17) The National Health and Social Life Survey had federal funding blocked due to claims that it was inappropriate for the government to support sex research. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 18) The National Health and Social Life Survey sampled the largest number of individuals of any survey of sexual topics. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 38 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 19) None of the national surveys on sexuality in the United States have included Americans under 18 years old. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 39 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 3 20) It is unethical for researchers to focus their research on a particular population. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 39 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 5 21) In some instances, respondents exaggerate to sabotage the survey's results. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 40 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 22) A recent National Surveys of Family Growth study has shown a decrease in the incidence of sexual intercourse among 15-19 year olds in the United States.. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 40 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 1 23) Social desirability refers to respondents in a survey being more attractive than those not chosen for the survey. Answer: FALSE Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 2 24) Researchers in human sexuality must try to avoid introducing their own biased attitudes into the study. Answer: TRUE Page Ref: 41 Objective: LO 2.5; APA 5 25) In sex studies, non-volunteers tend to be more sexually permissive than volunteers. Answer: FALSE 26) Some sex researchers have had sex with research participants. Answer: TRUE 27) Kinsey was among the first to report direct laboratory observations of individuals and couples engaged in sexual acts. Answer: FALSE 28) Vasocongestion is muscle tension and myotonia is blood flow to the genitals. Answer: FALSE 29) Margaret Mead studied sexual abuse of children in three primitive societies. Answer: FALSE 30) In correlational studies, there is evidence that Viagra causes risky sexual behavior. Answer: FALSE 31) Studies have shown that the drug Viagra does not produce the same effect in females that it does in males. Answer: TRUE 32) Correlations can be used to make predictions. Answer: TRUE 33) Chivers (2010) suggests that women are generally aroused by a wider range of sexual stimuli than are men. Answer: TRUE 34) Correlational research can determine cause and effect relationships. Answer: FALSE 35) In experimental studies, the variable that is hypothesized to have causal effect is manipulated by the researcher. Answer: TRUE 36) Participants in experimental groups do not receive the treatment. Answer: FALSE 37) Researchers must not allow participants the opportunity to ask questions during debriefing. Answer: FALSE 2.3 Short Answer 1) List the four elements, or steps, of the scientific method. 2) Give an example of an anthropomorphism in explaining sexual behavior. 3) Briefly describe the steps you would take to obtain a random sample for a study. 4) Briefly describe two problems that may jeopardize the quality of information obtained in case studies. 5) Name three researchers that have contributed to the scientific study of human sexuality. 6) List three limitations of using surveys in research. 7) What are two factors that may cause a socially desirable response from a participant? 8) Define the assumptions behind correlational research and explain the different types of correlation. 9) What two pieces of information do correlational methods produce to help describe the relationship between two variables? 2.4 Essay 1) Describe how the scientific method has helped to keep the study of human sexuality scientifically sound and objective. 2) Of the methods of observation presented in the text, describe in detail three of them that you feel were most appropriate for the study of human sexuality. Explain why you chose those methods over others. 3) Describe and evaluate Chivers’ (2010) research into what sexually excites males versus what sexually excites females. 4) Identify and explain the guidelines that researchers are required to adhere to when conducting studies of human sexual behavior. 5) Compare and contrast four ethical issues that are commonly raised concerning sex research. 6) Concerning the Tuskegee Syphilis Study, what problems from that study are analogous to problems in sex research? Describe these similarities, elaborating on how this applies to the methodologies used in sex research.