Politics Questions

Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include Migration to the Americas Diversity of and connections between Indian peoples Interactions between Europeans Africans and Asians Developments in Europe that contributed to overseas expansion Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter Bering Land Bridge Clovis people Anasazi Mound Builders Black Death Reconquista The Peopling of North America Graphic Note Taking Compare and Contrast While the largest and most powerful Pre-Columbian American civilizations were in Mexico and South America other important societies could be found within the boundaries of the present-day United States As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on two such societies the Anasazi and the Cahokia As you take notes be sure to include information on the way climate shaped the development of each culture You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Anasazi Cahokia Chaco Canyon agriculture and irrigation Mound Builders Mississippi Valley Cahokia population - thousand Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review How do modern anthropologists explain the peopling of the Americas Geological evidence indicates that between and years ago and again between and years ago substantial dry land existed between the northern tip of Asia in Siberia and North America This land known now as the Bering Land Bridge allowed Asian peoples to migrate to North America Other Asians travelled to North America by boat and boat travel facilitated the rapid expansion of human communities from Alaska to the southern tip of South America What kind of community did the Anasazi create in Chaco Canyon Chaco Canyon was a large city built of logs and adobe with buildings as high as five stories It included more than a dozen large buildings The people of Chaco Canyon supported themselves through the cultivation of corn beans squash and chilies They also engaged in regional trade sending goods as far away as central Mexico What were the key characteristics of Cahokia society The Cahokia were a hierarchical people with priests and chiefs at the top of the social pyramid Priests and chiefs at Cahokia tracked the sun conducted rituals and dispensed gifts that displayed their power Agricultural villages grew the food that supported Cahokia s urban inhabitants In Cahokia farming was women s work Men hunted to add animal protein to the diet Making Connections Take another look at the artist s rendition of Cahokia on page of your textbook What connections can you make between the layout of the city and Cahokia social and political structures Student answers will vary Students should note the mound s location at the center of the city as well as the large empty spaces around the mound linking both to the place of chiefs and priests in Cahokia society They may note the defensive walls suggesting that such walls indicate endemic warfare Finally they should describe the role of the many small villages outside of the wall in Cahokia society Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following question How did climate shape the growth and development of Cahokia Student answers will vary Students should discuss the impact of the warming trend that began around They should describe the crops grown and agricultural techniques used by the Cahokia people Finally they should describe the link between the production of surplus crops and urban growth The Diverse Communities of the Americas in the s Graphic Note Taking Charting Diversity The Indians of North America were remarkably diverse They included to independent societies each with their own traditions occupations beliefs and institutions As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on some of the most important of these societies You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Economy Society Culture and Religion Pueblo People of the Southwest Settled agriculture Sophisticated irrigation Tribes of the Mississippi Valley Decline in population Fragmentation into smaller chiefdoms Tribes of the Pacific Coast Iroquois and Tribes of the Atlantic Coast Aztecs Ritual sacrifice Strong connection between religion and warfare Maya Inca Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What role did climate play in the decline of Cahokia and the Mound-building culture of the Mississippi Valley No one knows all of the reasons for this decline but climate played a major role Around a relatively rapid colder climate shift known as the Little Ice Age began As the climate got colder agriculture suffered If the power of its priests and kings in Cahokia depended on their seeming control of the sun and the seasons the Little Ice Age sapped that power The change in weather drastically reduced the supply of food from outlaying hamlets on which their large cities depended and by Cahokia was abandoned What were the key characteristics of Algonquian society Hunting and fishing as well as farming corn beans and squash provided the major food sources for the Algonquian They lived in permanent towns and villages Social life centered in the ceremonies of the seasons that gave thanks for the gifts of food The most important of such ceremonies brought Indians from many villages together and could involve several hundred individuals How did Aztec interactions with other Indian peoples both strengthen and weaken the Aztec empire The Aztecs maintained an extensive trade network with other peoples but also made war on them to expand their empire and ensure a steady stream of prisoners for the human sacrifices While the Aztecs built their empire by making strategic alliances with other Indians by the mid- s they relied on their own large army and attacked former allies creating enemies who would help the Spanish conquer the Aztecs Making Connections Take another look at the drawing of an Iroquois Onondaga village on page of your text book What does the drawing tell you about the nature of Iroquois society Student answers will vary Students should note the imposing defensive structures built around the village as well as its strategic location on an island near the mouth of a river Students may speculate that these features suggest both frequent warfare and significant levels of regional trade Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question What role did climate and geography play in creating the social diversity of Indian peoples Student answers will vary Students should note the key role played by agricultural surpluses in the creation of large populations and urban centers They should describe the strategies Indian peoples used to extract resources from particular environments Finally they may note the role climate change played in the rise and fall of various Indian societies A Changing Europe in the s Graphic Note Taking Key Events The major events and developments of the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries created conditions in Europe that led to overseas expansion As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the most important of these developments For each event you include identify the changes the event produced and their significance You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Event Importance Black Death Reduced population social trauma Fall of Constantinople Reflected rising dominance of Ottoman Empire in the eastern Mediterranean Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What impact did the Black Death have on late medieval Europe The plague struck in and by the late s the plague had reduced the population from million to perhaps million Whole families and villages disappeared Through the late s there were empty fields or forests where people had once lived or farmed The loss of so many people traumatized the survivors who looked for someone to blame for the disaster targeting minorities and outsiders What were Prince Henry the Navigator s motives for promoting the exploration of the African coast Henry wanted to find a route that would put Portugal at the center of the trade with Asia Legends of a Christian presence in the heart of Africa also motivated expanded contact with that continent Perhaps most important to Henry was the wealth to be made in Africa itself especially from gold and slaves Why did England and France fail to follow Portugal s example of exploration in the fifteenth century France and England fought the Hundred Years War with each other depleting both nations resources When the war ended both England and France descended into civil war The destruction wrought by war and plague left little time money or energy for either nation to engage in exploration Making Connections Take another look at the painting of European peasants on page of your textbook In what ways were the people depicted typical Europeans Student answers will vary Students should note that the vast majority of Europeans were poor peasants Many were dependent on wealthy nobles for protection and access to resources They may also note that the image suggests Europe s small population in the wake of the Black Death Graphic Note Taking Follow Up How did the fall of Constantinople to the Ottoman Turks contribute to European westward expansion Use the table you created while reading this section to help you answer this question Student answers will vary Students should note the Ottomans domination of trade in the eastern Mediterranean They should describe the impact this had on European access to trade with Asia They should describe the decline of the major Italian commercial cities Finally they should discuss the efforts of Spain and Portugal to find new routes to Asia Africa in the s Graphic Note Taking Timeline In the centuries prior to European overseas expansion West and Central Africa saw the rise and fall of a series of important empires As you read the section create a timeline that includes the most important events in the political history of these regions Your timeline should begin in with the rise of Mali and end in the with the conversion of the king of Kongo to Catholicism You'll use your timeline to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Events noted should include among other events the rise of Mali Mansa Musa s pilgrimage to Mecca the capture of Timbuktu by Songhay and the conversion of the king of Kongo to Catholicism Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What connections were there between Africa and Europe prior to the Portuguese voyages of the fifteenth century North Africa had been part of Mediterranean civilization for at least years What are today the nations of Egypt Libya Algeria Morocco and Tunisia were some of the richest provinces of the Roman Empire As Christianity spread throughout the Roman Empire some of the strongest Christian centers were in North Africa Farther south Christianity took root quickly in Ethiopia and that part of east Africa has remained predominantly Christian for years In addition southern Europe and parts of Africa south of the Sahara Desert shared a long history of trade What was the basis of the power of the Kingdom of Ghana Ghana s power was based on trade and its mastery of metal-working to make weapons and tools Ghana was at the northern end of African trade routes that brought gold ivory and slaves out of the African interior and at the southern end of the desert routes by which Muslim traders brought the slaves gold and ivory from south of the Sahara to North Africa the Middle East and Europe in exchange for salt silk and other goods Control of that trade made Ghana rich What connection was there between slavery and warfare in fifteenth-century West Africa An African could be enslaved for many reasons as punishment for crime or as payment for debt but most slaves were captured in war from other communities The economic advantages of capturing slaves in war and then selling them also made war itself a profitable commercial venture and exacerbated other tensions Making Connections Take another look at Map - African Trade Networks on page of your textbook What connections does it suggest between trade routes and the locations of important West African cities Student answers will vary Students should note the fact that cities were often located at the intersections of trade routes They should discuss the central role of trade in West African empires and the importance to those empires of maintaining control of trade routes Finally they may suggest that urban growth requires a steady flow of resources from the outside world Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your timeline to help answer the following question What role did trade play in the rise and fall of the major West African empires Student answers will vary Students should note that all of the West African empires depended on the wealth produced by trade in gold salt and slaves They should discuss the connections between trade and Islam Finally they should describe the impact of trade on West African social hierarchy culture and intellectual exchange Asia in the s Graphic Note Taking Outline Asia was by far the wealthiest and most densely populated region of the world in the fifteenth century Given this it s not surprising that Europeans should have been so eager to gain access to Asian trade As you read this section create an outline like the one below to help you identify key developments in Asia in the century before European contact with the Americas You should continue your outline from the point at which the one included below leaves off You'll use your outline to answer a question when you finish this section I Asian Political Organization A Principle Empires and Kingdoms a China Unified empire Population of - million Student answers will vary Student outlines should continue the format and level of detail suggested by the example included above Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review How did fifteenth-century Asia differ from the Americas Africa and Europe Asia had a much larger population and its major cities were many times bigger than those of Europe or Africa It was also much more politically unified with the Chinese empire governing a population of - million Finally most of the peoples of Asia were in close contact with one another facilitating material and cultural exchange What role did Emperor Zhu Di play in the history of Chinese exploration Zhu Di commissioned Chinese fleets that sailed to South Asia India and East Africa These treasure fleets mapped the Indian Ocean and brought back exotic animals trade-goods and knowledge that made China a center of geographic studies in the early s However high costs other pressing priorities and the antipathy of Chinese mandarins brought these voyages to an end What role did trade play in the societies of Asia Europe Africa and the Americas in the late fifteenth century China was prospering but quite inward-looking South Asia especially India was just beginning to be engaged in trade with Europe through the new trade routes that Portuguese explorers were establishing Sub-Saharan Africa was also trading with Europeans via a newly established Atlantic trade route dominated by the Portuguese and long-established trade routes across the Sahara that connected them with the Muslim world American Indians had their own long-distance trade relationships that spanned thousands of miles Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Why did the Chinese voyages of exploration initiated by Zhu Di come to an end Use the outline you created while reading this section to help prepare your answer Student answers will vary Students should discuss the costs of the voyages They should describe the other priorities that claimed the attention of the Chinese government Finally they should characterize the attitudes of Chinese mandarins to the expeditions and their leaders Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include The nature and impact of initial contact with the peoples of the Americas Material and cultural exchange The meaning of contact from the perspective of Europeans The meaning of contact from the perspective of Native Americans Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter Treaty of Tordesillas America Silk Road Columbian exchange New Spain Encomienda Conquistadores Ninety-Five Theses Protestant Reformation Nation-state Peace of Augsburg in Treaty of Westphalia Seven Cities of Cibola Anglicans Puritans Roanoke Columbus The Columbian Exchange and Early Conquests Graphic Note Taking Identifying Consequences European contact with the peoples of the Americas was a transformative event altering life in both Europe and the Americas and reshaping global trade connections and the global balance of power As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the most important consequences of contact As you take notes be sure to consider consequences for each category in the Americas Europe and the larger world You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Economic consequences Altered trade routes European access to New World resources Political consequences Altered balance of power in Europe Destabilization of indigenous American empires Biological consequences Exchange of disease Exchange of animals and plants Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What motives were behind Columbus s voyages to the New World Columbus s voyages were intended to increase the wealth and glory of Spain While Ferdinand and Isabella believed this could be accomplished in part by converting non-Christians to Catholicism they were also interested in material rewards This is demonstrated by Columbus s efforts to find gold and other precious commodities in the lands he discovered What factor played in the largest role in producing the dramatic drop in the native population of the New World that followed the arrival of Europeans While the enslavement of Indians and violent clashes between Indians and Europeans resulted in many deaths European diseases accounted for by far the largest percentage of Indian deaths in the decades following the arrival of Europeans Some estimates suggest that the native population was reduced by as much as percent What explains the swiftness of the Spanish conquest of the Aztec and Inca Empires Aztec resistance was undermined by early defeats and many non-Aztecs joined with the Spanish The Incas underestimated the threat posed by Pizarro Both the Aztecs and Incas found Spanish military technology frightening and overwhelming Finally smallpox devastated both peoples and weakened their ability to resist the Spanish Making Connections Take another look at the image showing the impact of smallpox on Native Americans on page of your text book Why did smallpox have such a devastating impact on Native American populations Student answers will vary Students should note that Native American population had been isolated from larger global trade patterns for many centuries and thus had no built-up immunity to European diseases They should also note that smallpox is a particularly contagious and deadly disease Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following question In your opinion what were the most important consequences of the arrival of Europeans in the New World Student answers will vary Students should discuss the impact of biological exchange the altered relationship between Europe and Asia Spain s increased importance within Europe and the global shift in the economic balance of power A DIVIDED EUROPE THE IMPACT OF THE PROTESTANT REFORMATION Graphic Note Taking Parallel Developments The Protestant Reformation and the rise of the nation-state did not proceed from the same causes but once under way each had a significant impact on the other As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on these two connected developments You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Protestant Reformation Emergence of the Nation-State Martin Luther Challenge to Catholic practices Reasons for spread of Protestantism Idea of nation-state developed at same time as Reformation World should be governed by independent nations Nation-state and religious freedom Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What aspects of Catholic practice did Luther challenge Luther questioned the Catholic Church s insistence that bishops and not everyday Christians should interpret the Bible and the idea that one could reach salvation through good works In particular Luther questioned the Catholic practice of using indulgences that granted forgiveness to sinners to raise money How did the printing press contribute to the spread of Protestantism Printing hugely expanded literacy beyond a small educated elite By at least million individual books had been printed and many people learned to read thus new ideas could spread with a rapidity not known before Sermons and pamphlets circulated rapidly The printing press prompted a free flow of ideas that most people in Europe had not experienced before How did the Treaty of Westphalia try to put an end to the religious warfare that had plagued Europe since the mid-sixteenth century The treaty provided that in each nation covered by the treaty the ruler would decide the faith of the people and that foreign armies would no longer intervene in the religious affairs of another state Thus while it did not establish religious freedom it did reinforce the link between national unity and religious uniformity Making Connections Take another look at the painting of Martin Luther on page of your text book What importance should we attach to the fact that he is shown holding a book and a quill Student answers will vary Students should discuss the importance Protestants placed on Scripture the role of the printing press in the spread of Protestantism and the fact that Luther communicated with the majority of his followers through pamphlets Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question Why were national unity and religious uniformity so closely linked in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries Student answers will vary Students should discuss the appeal to many rulers of independence from Rome the lack of support for the idea of religious freedom and the belief that political loyalty and religious conformity went hand in hand EXPLORATION AND ENCOUNTER IN NORTH AMERICA THE SPANISH Graphic Note Taking Key Figures The conquests of the Aztec and Inca Empires produced enormous wealth for Spain and whetted Spanish appetites for further colonial acquisitions Consequently the Spanish sponsored a number of expeditions that explored the regions north of Mexico As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the most important of these expeditions You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Explorer Details of Expedition Outcome Ponce de Le n From Puerto Rico to Florida Included free Africans Fountain of Youth Attacked by Native Americans Ponce de Le n killed by poisoned arrow Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review Who was Esteban and what role did he play in the Spanish exploration of North America Esteban was an African Muslim slave He was one of four survivors of the failed De Vaca expedition in Texas He also served as a scout for the De Niza expedition in the southwest It was on this expedition that he was killed by Zuni Indians What were Gaspard de Coligny s motives for establishing a European settlement in Florida To Coligny Florida seemed to be a strategic location on the sea lanes between Spain s empire in Mexico and South America and Spain itself As a loyal subject of the French king Coligny wanted to secure lands for France He also wanted to create a safe haven for his fellow Protestants How did the Spanish colonies in Florida differ from those in Mexico and Peru Unlike Mexico and Peru the Spanish colonies in Florida were settled by soldiers farmers and artisans who did not want to create a vast empire but valued the independence that distance from imperial authorities gave them There were also slaves in Florida from the beginning as well as more intermarriage and more casual sexual encounters among Europeans Native Americans and Africans than in Mexico and Peru In addition Florida became a place where Europeans from other nations settled Making Connections Take another look at Map - North American Exploration on page of your textbook How does the map help explain the focus of Spanish exploration in North America on the Southwest Student answers will vary Students should note that the most important Spanish colonies were in Mexico and Peru They should notice that Spanish expeditions in North American began in Mexico and moved out from there Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Why did the Spanish consider the exploration of the lands north of Mexico a failure Use the table you created while reading this section to help you answer this question Student answers will vary Students should note the failure of Spanish explorers to discover large amounts of gold and silver the hostile response explorers received from Indian populations and the inability of the Spanish to secure the loyalty and labor of those populations EXPLORATION AND ENCOUNTER IN NORTH AMERICA THE FRENCH Graphic Note Taking Timeline The French did not want to leave the Americas to the Spanish or Portuguese and in the early sixteenth century launched a number of voyages of exploration of their own As you read the section create a timeline that includes the most important events in the French exploration of North America You'll use your timeline to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Events noted should include the Verrazano expedition the Cartier expedition and the - Cartier expedition Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What were the motives behind and goals of the early French exploration of North America The French crown was unwilling to allow Spain or Portugal to establish a monopoly on New World wealth Early French efforts however focused not on colonization but on finding a sea route around North America to Asia When early expeditions failed to achieve this goal the French lost interest in North America What was the long-term impact of Cartier s voyages to North America on French-Indian relations On both of his voyages Cartier traded European goods for food and furs This set a precedent for later interactions between the French and the Indians interactions that would be more about trade than conquest What might explain the friendly reception both Cartier and Verrazano received from the Native Americans they encountered From the first voyage of Columbus the Spanish had made clear their intention to convert dominate and exploit the native populations they encountered In sharp contrast early French explorers had no intention of staying in North America let alone establishing settlements or colonies They also came with trade goods that the Indians valued and established themselves as desirable economic partners Making Connections Take another look at the painting of Jean Ribault s encounter with Timuca Indians on page of your textbook What details are included in the painting to suggest that the Timuca were friendly Student answers will vary Students may note the swimmers offering gifts the individual Timuca in the upper portion of the painting showing a party of Frenchmen his village and the lowered weapons and evident curiosity of the party of Timuca in the lower left Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your timeline to help answer the following question What was the principle goal of early French exploration of North America Student answers will vary Students should note that both Verrazano and Cartier focused on finding a sea route to Asia that neither made an effort to establish a French colony and that French interest in North America waned when it become clear that a sea route to Asia was unlikely to be discovered EXPLORATION AND ENCOUNTER IN NORTH AMERICA THE ENGLISH Graphic Note Taking Outline England s interest in the Americas grew out of the English Reformation and its subsequent clash with Catholic Spain As you read this section create an outline to help you identify the sequence of events that led from England s split with Rome to its clash with Spain and finally to its initial presence in the Americas You should continue your outline from the point at which the one included below leaves off You'll use your outline to answer a question when you finish this section II England s Reformation Shapes the Country B Henry VIII r a Initially a good Catholic b Pope s denial of annulment led to split c Parliament made Henry head of the Church of England d Under Henry England remained closer to Catholicism than Protestantism Student answers will vary Student outlines should continue the format and level of detail suggested by the example included above Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review Why did Henry VIII initiate the split between England and the Catholic Church and how did the Church England differ from the Catholic Church during Henry s reign Henry was a devoted devout Catholic but when his first wife failed to bear him a son he sought an annulment from the pope When the pope refused Henry had Parliament declare him the Supreme Head of the Church of England Under Henry English religion remained more Catholic than Protestant After Henry s death what were the three major religious groups in England and what did each want Anglicans were perhaps a majority and supported both independence from Rome and the preservation of traditional Catholic religious forms A Protestant minority known as Puritans wanted more radical religious change including the elimination of Catholic practices and the leadership of bishops Finally a significant number of English people remained Catholic and hoped for England s return to the Roman Catholic Church What were England s goals in the Americas during the reign of Elizabeth I England did not focus on the establishment of substantial settlements in the New World during the reign of Elizabeth I Instead it sent adventurers and pirates to harass Spanish shipping and to capture as much Spanish gold and silver as possible Men like Francis Drake did engage in a certain amount of exploration and Walter Raleigh funded the establishment of a settlement in North America Nonetheless the primary mission of men was to facilitate the activities of privateers Making Connections Take another look at the painting of Elizabeth I on page of your textbook What details did the artist include to suggest the importance of sea power to sixteenth-century England Student answers will vary Students should note the image of the Spanish Armada on the left as well as that of the destruction of the Armada on the right They may also notice the mermaid in the lower right corner and the fact that Elizabeth s hand is resting on a globe Graphic Note Taking Follow Up What connection can you make between the English Reformation and the activities of men like Francis Drake in the late sixteenth century Use the outline you created while reading this section to help prepare your answer Student answers will vary Students should trace the breakdown of relations between England and Spain to the Reformation They should discuss the way in which the English used piracy as a form of undeclared warfare Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include Motives and nature of early English settlement International warfare and its impact on the English colonies Affect of French expansion on English and Spanish colonies Further development of Spanish presence in the New World Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter Pilgrims Mayflower Compact The Charter of the Massachusetts Bay Company Halfway Covenant Fundamental Orders of Connecticut Proprietary colony Headright system Patroons Indentured servants Pequot War Mestizo King Phillip s War Bacon s Rebellion Pueblo Revolt The English Settle in North America Graphic Note Taking Compare and Contrast Over the course of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries British colonial claims in North America expanded dramatically There was not however a single model of development in each British colony Instead the colonies varied depending on the circumstances of their creation the background and goals of their particular colonists and the economic opportunities presented by their particular environments As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the factors that shaped the development of the various British colonies You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Circumstances of Settlement Colonists Backgrounds and Motives Economy and Environment Virginia Massachusetts Radical Protestants Family groups Maryland Proprietary colony Refuge for Catholics Connecticut New Hampshire New York Pennsylvania Well suited to commercial agriculture Delaware Carolina Georgia Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review How did the advent of commercial tobacco cultivation in Virginia affect the relationship between colonists and Indians The shift from trade with Indians to tobacco-based agriculture in the s doomed Virginia s Indians With the advent of commercial tobacco cultivation Indian land became more valuable to the English than the Indians themselves The new emphasis on agriculture also meant that many from England would settle and farm the land These forces combined with the continuing impact of disease on Indian populations insured that there would be no room for Indians in Virginia s future Who were the Puritans and what did they want Protestants who wanted a more complete Reformation than the Church of England represented came to be known as Puritans Queen Elizabeth I had brokered a religious compromise that enshrined some aspects of Protestantism in the Church of England but the Puritans wanted much more change They believed that the office of bishop had no base in the Bible and that each individual congregation should be self-governing They believed each individual was responsible for reading and understanding the Bible him- or herself How did the establishment of Maryland differ from that of the earlier English colonies Earlier colonies had been founded by corporations or were royal colonies ruled by governors appointed by the king Maryland represented something new a proprietary colony A proprietary colony was essentially owned by one person The proprietor might allow others to own land and might take advice from local officials but the whole colony was private property and as such could be passed from generation to generation within the proprietor s family Making Connections Take another look at the image of a Virginia tobacco plantation on page of your text book What important aspects of the emerging Virginia economy does it depict Student answers will vary Students should note that that the owners of the plantation are wealthy men with vast holdings They should discuss the importance of African slave labor to the profitability of Virginia plantations Finally they should note the ships in the background and the barrels the slaves are constructing both suggestive of the fact that tobacco is an export crop Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following question What role did religion play in shaping the development of the British colonies Student answers will vary Students should note that religion played a different role in each colony They should discuss Puritanism in Massachusetts Catholicism in Maryland and Quakerism in Pennsylvania The best answers will include a discussion of emerging issues of religious freedom and separation of church and state England s Wars England s Colonies Graphic Note Taking Key Developments Over the course of the seventeenth century warfare both in England and in North America played a key role in shaping the development of the English colonies As you read this section make a list of the key conflicts of the seventeenth century Note details about each conflict as well as its impact on colonial development You'll use your list to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary A sample list is included below The English Civil War Pitted Parliament against King Charles I Issues of religion and taxation key After period of Puritan Commonwealth monarchy was restored New king more tolerant and interested in expanding North American holdings King Philip s War - Bacon s Rebellion Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What events led to the outbreak of the English Civil War Charles I and his advisors pursued religious Anglican uniformity far more strictly than any of his predecessors had By the late s however Puritans were a majority in Parliament As a result in King Charles dismissed Parliament and did not convene it again for years But in rebellion broke out in Scotland To suppress it Charles needed new taxes and to get them he had to call Parliament back into session The Parliament that met in November was overwhelmingly Puritan and passed laws that favored the Puritans and limited royal authority By England was in a civil war How did English expansion create tension between colonists and Indians in New England Initially the distance between English settlements and Indian lands was sufficient to maintain harmony As the European population expanded however relations broke down By the s English settlements were springing up in every direction and were beginning to dominate European livestock ate Indian corn Land sales that had once seemed wise now seemed to harm the rising generation of Indians What made Bacon s Rebellion such an important turning point in the history of slavery in Virginia In the aftermath of the rebellion wealthy landowners were fearful of uprisings among current and former indentured servants and they began to prefer slave labor which they could more strongly control Consequently they passed laws that established a stricter distinction between slaves and free workers Crucially the new distinctions emphasized race and made slavery in Virginia chattel slavery Making Connections Take another look at the map of King Philip s War and Bacon s Rebellion on page of your text book What forces led to the outbreak of open war between Indians and colonists in New England in Student answers will vary Students should discuss the tendency of New England colonists to stay separate from Indians They should describe efforts at religious conversion by English missionaries ass well as discuss the central role English expansion and land hunger played in producing the conflict Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question What tensions within Virginian society were revealed by Bacon s Rebellion Student answers will vary Students should discuss divisions between Virginia elite and small farmers artisans and workers They should describe the way in which this social conflict manifested itself in violence between colonists and Indians Finally they should explain why Bacon s Rebellion was a turning point in the history of slavery in Virginia France Takes Control of the Heart of a Continent Graphic Note Taking Identifying Key Differences In the second half of the seventeenth century French interest in the New World intensified The French grip on its early settlements in the northeast was tightened and new initiatives brought additional territory under French control As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the three most important regions of French activity in North America You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Explorers Settlers Motives for Exploration Settlement Nature of French Presence Quebec and Montreal Farmers fur traders solider Trade strategic value Mississippi Valley Gulf Coast New Orleans diverse population Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What impact did the trade in beaver pelts have on the Indians peoples involved As tribes like the Montagnais and Hurons developed trading partnerships with the French and the Iroquois with the English trade and tribal warfare became more intense Rivalries among the Indians escalated as each tribe fought to control the supply of beaver furs While these tribes had long fought each other they now had European weapons acquired through trades which further fueled the warfare Even though the French and British fur traders preferred to make alliances with the Indians rather than enslave them the results for many tribes were nevertheless disastrous What parts of North America did Robert de la Salle explore and what were his goals La Salle led an expedition down the Illinois and Mississippi Rivers in La Salle s goals were to build an alliance with the Illinois and other tribes against the Iroquois and to establish a permanent French presence throughout the Mississippi Valley In he and his men traveled down the Mississippi to the Gulf of Mexico On the basis of this expedition the French laid claim to one-third of North America What role did African slaves play in shaping the culture and economy of French Louisiana Most slaves brought to New Orleans were from Senegal in West Africa familiar with Islam and Muslim music that used chanting accompanied by stringed instruments This music became part of the culture of New Orleans The Senegalese also knew how to cultivate indigo which thrived in Louisiana and how to process it into dye In addition early slave ships brought sugar and rice which the slaves also knew how to grow Making Connections Take another look at Map - France in the American Interior - on page of your textbook How would you explain the fact that French exploration concentrated on tracing the course of major rivers Student answers will vary Students may note that river travel was much faster than land travel during this period They may also connect the French interest in trade to their exploration of rivers since rivers offered the best means of transporting goods from the interior to the coast Graphic Note Taking Follow Up What role did competition between France Spain and England play in French expansion in North America in the latter half of the seventeenth century Use the table you created while reading this section to help you answer this question Student answers will vary Students should note Louis XIV s interest in North America They should describe the steps he took to secure existing settlements in New France and the new expeditions he sponsored Finally they should discuss the strategic importance of France establishing control of the mouth of the Mississippi River Developments in Spanish Colonies North of Mexico Graphic Note Taking Outline Alarmed by French and English initiatives in North America the Spanish took steps to expand their own holdings and to secure the settlements they already had As you read the section create an outline like the one included below to help you trace the most important developments in Spanish North America during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries You should continue your outline from the point at which the one included below leaves off You'll use your outline to answer a question when you finish this section I The Great Revolt New Mexico A The Pueblo Revolt Spanish settlers wiped out and Spanish forced to retreat to Mexico Harsh workloads and religious repression sparked revolt Santa Fe leveled and Indian life returned to pre- patterns B The Reestablishment of Spanish Control Student answers will vary Student outlines should continue the format and level of detail suggested by the example included above Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What sparked the Pueblo Revolt of The Indians were unhappy with the heavy workload imposed upon them especially since much of their labor went to support the Spanish not their own families They were also upset about efforts to impose Catholicism and to wipe out indigenous religious practices Who was Don Diego Vargas and what changes did he implement after the Spanish reestablished control of New Mexico in the early s Don Diego de Vargas was appointed governor for New Mexico in Vargas had an ability to compromise that many of his predecessors had lacked He offered each pueblo a full pardon in exchange for their re-conversion to Christianity but he did not try to stamp out tribal religion The Indians could retain both faiths and agreed to his terms Why did the Spanish decide to establish a presence in California and what form did that presence take The Spanish were worried about English explorations and Russian fur trading activities on the Pacific coast In response they established a fort and then a mission in San Diego From there Spanish Franciscan missionaries created a string of missions from San Diego to San Francisco to convert the Indians and develop the economy of California Making Connections Take another look at Map - California Missions on page of your textbook What does the pattern of Spanish missions suggest about their purpose and the nature of the Spanish presence in California Student answers will vary Students may note that the Spanish appeared to be interested in establishing control of the coast line They may also discuss the fact that the missions are close to each other suggesting that each establishment is small and that they are dependent on each other for support Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your outline to help answer the following question What role did missionary efforts play in Spanish settlements in North America Student answers will vary Students should note the important role religious repression played in the Pueblo Revolt as well as the Spanish authorities willingness to compromise in its aftermath They should also discuss the establishment of missions in California suggesting that they had religious economic and strategic functions Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include The impact of the Glorious Revolution on colonial government and politics The establishment of slave societies in the southern colonies Society and culture in British North America Sources of tension between the colonists and the British government Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter Glorious Revolution Divine right of kings Natural rights Middle Passage Stono Rebellion Act of Union Salem Witch Trials Mercantilism Capitalism Triangle Trade The Age of Enlightenment First Great Awakening Albany Plan of Union England s Glorious Revolution and The Rights of Englishmen Graphic Note Taking Compare and Contrast The events of the Glorious Revolution were not confined to England nor were its consequences In the aftermath of the revolution many colonists had a new sense of their rights as Englishmen and of their relationship to the British government As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on key aspects of British rule under James II and under William and Mary You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below James II William and Mary Dominion of New England Abolition of colonial autonomy Greater religious liberty in many colonies Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What policies brought James II and Parliament into conflict and ultimately led to his ousting King James II was a Catholic even though he was officially the head of the Protestant Church of England As he expanded religious freedoms for Catholics and appointed some to high office his moves aroused serious opposition in Britain s Protestant majority many of whom associated Protestantism with British independence and Catholicism with foreign domination James also wanted to assert royal authority especially in England s increasingly independent colonies How did John Locke justify the Glorious Revolution John Locke justified the revolution by insisting that all government rested on the natural rights of the governed Locke argued that humans were born free in a state of nature and only agreed to a social compact when it suited their purposes If the people no longer agreed then monarchs had no right to continue to rule How did society and government in the British colonies change after the Glorious Revolution After independent corporations and colonial proprietors faced a decline in power Catholics lost political rights and all Protestants gained rights Elected legislatures competed with royal governors to make the laws governing each colony In all the colonies changing one s social and economic status became more difficult An English colonial elite supported by English military authority now dominated colonial life Making Connections Take another look at the page from a colonial newspaper on page of your text book What might explain the growing popularity of such publications in the eighteenth century Student answers will vary Students may note the increased rate of literacy in the colonies They may also discuss the impact of the Glorious Revolution on the colonial political consciousness suggesting that after the Glorious Revolution colonists felt more involved in their own governments and therefore more interested in colonial news Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following questions How did British rule of the North American colonies change with the ascension of William and Mary to the throne Student answers will vary Students should describe James II s efforts to establish greater control over the colonies They should give particular attention to his religious policies and those designed to reduce local autonomy They should discuss William and Mary s greater willingness to compromise but also note that compromise did not mean that the British granted full independence to local governments The Plantation World From a Society with Slaves to a Slave Society Graphic Note Taking Common Experiences After Bacon s Rebellion a major shift took place in the southern colonies What had been societies with slaves became societies in which the institution of slavery dominated all aspects of life As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes of the experiences of victims of the Atlantic slave trade from enslavement in Africa to forced labor in the Americas You'll use your table to help you answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Enslavement Enlargement of slave trade in Africa Warfare and slavery The Middle Passage Crowding Psychological impact Life in the Americas Plantation labor Life expectancy Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review How did the relationship between slavery and race change in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries As the institution of slavery came to be more rigidly defined it also came to be linked more closely to race Africans were seen as slaves Europeans were seen as free Children of mixed race were marginalized or simply declared to be African slaves Any child born to a black woman was automatically considered to be African even if as was often the case the father was a European slave-owner But mixed-race children born to white mothers were more problematic to marginalize or cast into slavery so stringent efforts were made to prohibit sexual liaisons between white women and males of other races What kind of life could plantation slaves expect after the s Plantation work was brutal and the lives of plantation slaves were often short Young children often worked in the fields alongside adults and the labor for women and men was backbreaking from sunup to sundown The law gave plantation owners a free hand in how they treated their slaves Slaves were whipped branded tortured and executed for the smallest infractions to warn others of what resistance would mean Total and unquestionable authority became the order of the day for male owners Why was it in the interests of Spanish authorities to encourage Carolina slaves to escape to Florida The Spanish realized that runaway slaves were a drain on the Carolina economy and an embarrassment to the British Moreover the newly freed slaves were a strong first line of defense on the Spanish side of the border As newly free people in Spanish Florida they had special reason to defend the territory from the British who wanted to perpetuate their slavery Making Connections Take another look at map - Enslaved People in British North America in on page of your text book What percentage of the population of the Lower South were slaves What about the North How would you explain this difference Student answers will vary Students should note that percent of population of the Lower South was enslaved compared to percent of the North Students may link this difference to patterns of settlement environment economics or some combination of all three Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question What factors contributed to rapid expansion of the Atlantic slave trade in the late seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries Student answers will vary Students should discuss the growing demand for slave labor in the Americas They should give particular attention to the reasons why planation owners shifted from indentured servants to slaves They should also discuss the motives for African states to participate in the trade Stability and Instability in American and British Worlds Graphic Note Taking Identifying Key Changes As Britain s economic power grew and the colonies in North America matured life changed in Britain and the colonies changes that brought both new prosperity and new tensions As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the most important trends in the British colonies in the first half of the eighteenth century You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Cities and Urban Life Fast growing populations Port cities centers of trade and culture Economic Structures and Attitudes Mercantilism versus capitalism British Navigation Acts Social Developments Religious Life Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review Why were the lives of many women in colonial America isolated and lonely Women were generally limited to the private realm of the home cut off from society at large The vast majority of women lived on farms sometimes very isolated farms and the lives of rural women could be very lonely As the American population expanded finding land often required moving to even more isolated rural areas which could make contact and community life that much more difficult especially for women What did mercantilists believe and how did their views shape British policy Advocates of mercantilism believed that economic transactions should be directed to increase the nation s wealth without regard for other participants in those transactions that the world s wealth was finite and that for any nation to grow in wealth some other nation needed to be the loser Using this mercantile approach the British Empire closely guarded the colonies so that their wealth went exclusively to Britain and not to other European countries How did the wars of the s shape the way British colonists saw their relationship to the British government During the many wars that took place in the s many English colonists developed a deep sense of patriotism to the British cause At the same time they came to realize that the British army was sometimes far away when it was most needed and that they needed to develop their own militias to protect themselves The British monarchs were distracted by these wars and were inclined to neglect the colonies in the intervening years As a result colonial governments grew stronger and more independent through the early decades of the s Making Connections Take another look at illustration of the powers of witches on page of your textbook What tensions and anxieties in colonial society were reflected in images such as this one Student answers will vary Students may discuss the psychological impact of conflicts with Indians on colonists They may also link witchcraft to tension between prosperous colonists and their less fortunate neighbors Finally they may connect witchcraft accusations to resistance to strict gender roles Graphic Note Taking Follow Up What new social attitudes emerged in the mid-eighteenth century Why did they emerge Use the table you created while reading this section to help you answer this question Student answers will vary Students should describe the hierarchical nature of colonial society They should link the emergence of a new social class the middling sort to new attitudes They should may describe the attributes and attitudes of this new group giving particular attention to their rejection of deference based on birth as opposed to merit Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include The consequences of British victory in the French and Indian War The growth of a variety of forms of opposition to Britain The decisions and events that led to the War for Independence The factors that contributed to the patriot victory Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter French and Indian War Pontiac s Rebellion The Proclamation Line Loyalists Republicanism Impressment Sons of Liberty Boston Massacre Daughters of Liberty First Continental Congress Somerset Decision Second Continental Congress Articles of Confederation Prelude to Revolution Graphic Note Taking Identifying Consequences The world war that raged between and pitting Britain against France had profound consequences for British North America Victory made the British the dominant power on the continent but it also produced new problems and challenges for the British government As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the most important consequences of British victory You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Political and Diplomatic Consequences France eliminated as a power in North America British control most of North America east of the Mississippi River Fiscal Consequences All combatants emerged deeply in debt Britain sought new sources of colonial revenue Consequences for Colonist Indian Relations British victory a disaster for Indian peoples Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review How did the French and Indian War enhance British power around the world British dominance over India was secured and the British presence on the coast of Africa and in the Caribbean was enhanced In addition Spain ceded Florida to England Most significantly the war eliminated France as a North American power How did the way British colonists viewed Indian peoples change after After many white residents of British North America began to lump all American Indians together as an enemy race even though their parents and grandparents had viewed different tribes quite separately depending on a tribe s relationship to the British cause Soon after the war the division between whites and Indians came to be seen as much more racial with all whites allied against virtually all Indians As a consequence many colonists came to believe that Indians had no place in colonial society and no real rights as independent peoples Why did British officials seek to increase colonial taxes and duties in the years following the French and Indian War Victory in the war virtually drained Britain s treasury Britain s national debt was double what it had been when the war began In George Grenville and the majority in Parliament asked Britain s North American colonists to pay what the authorities in London thought was a fair share of the war s cost Their argument was that the war had protected colonists far more than it had anyone living in Britain Making Connections Take another look at the painting of the Mohawk chief Hendrick on page of your text book Why might an Indian leader like Hendrick have chosen to ally himself with the British Student answers will vary Students should note the Indian role in defending the British colonies from French attack They should describe the way Indians used the French threat to extract concessions weapons and resources from the British Finally they should point out that once the French were defeated this Indian leverage largely disappeared Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following question Why was British victory in the French and Indian War a disaster for Indian peoples Student answers will vary Students should describe the efforts of Indian peoples prior to the war to play the major European powers off each other They should discuss the significant reduction in Indian bargaining power that came with French defeat Finally they should discuss the increased pressure Indian peoples felt after the war from British settlers looking for land to the west of existing settlements The Revolution Was in the Minds of the People Graphic Note Taking Timeline The twelve years between the end of the French and Indian War and the battles of Lexington and Concord were eventful ones as British policy makers sought to increase colonial revenues in the face of escalating resistance As you read this section create a timeline of key events to help you trace the path towards war between Britain and its North American colonies You'll use your timeline to help you answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Timelines should include the major British revenue acts the formation of colonial associations to resist those acts British responses to resistance and the creation of the Continental Congress Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What were the most important intellectual influences on the political thought of the advocates of American independence John Locke had perhaps the greatest influence on American political thought Many colonists believed as Locke did that the people always retained a supreme power to remove or alter the legislative authority when they wanted to Revolutionary leaders also read and cited French philosophers Voltaire Rousseau and Montesquieu and authors from ancient Greece and Rome all of whom advocated a commitment to liberty and the need to overthrow unjust authorities How and why did British efforts to increase revenues as well as the level of colonial resistance to such efforts escalate in the s and s The British government desperately needed to pay off the debt from the French and Indian War and attempted to do so in part by imposing new taxes With each attempt colonial resistance grew In a series of encounters Parliament sought to raise funds backed off in the face of colonial resistance and then enacted new get tough policies that also backfired The impact of the persistent but failed efforts to raise taxes fueled colonial resistance and the sense that resistance was effective How did British Indian policy contribute to the rising tensions between the British government and its colonial subjects The rapid growth of the white population exacerbated the conflicts between frontier whites and Indians The ever-increasing pressure for more land could be satisfied only by white movement into areas that belonged to Indian tribes As whites encroached attacks by Indians increased Settlers wanted and expected the British to protect them But after King George s Proclamation Line halted further movement west The British-imposed barrier caused intense anger on the frontier Making Connections Take another look at the engraving of Phillis Wheatley page of your text book How did free African Americans like Wheatley view the growing conflict between Britain and the colonies Student answers will vary Students should describe the efforts of free African Americans to link the rhetoric of liberty and natural rights to the issue of slavery They should describe the way in which such rhetoric highlighted contradictions and hypocrisies in colonial society Finally they may suggest that free African Americans saw the conflict as an opportunity to demonstrate their worthiness to be included as full members of colonial society Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question In your opinion was there a moment between and when a war for independence became inevitable If so when did that moment occur Student answers will vary The War for Independence Graphic Note Taking Mastering Details Starting in events on the battle field dominated the drive for American independence As you read this section take notes using a table like the one included below to help you master the outcomes and impact of the most important battles of the war You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Battle Outcome Consequences Lexington and Concord April British suffered disproportionate casualties Anti-British feeling inflamed new style of warfare used Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review How did enslaved African Americans respond to the British promise to emancipate slaves who ran away and joined the British army What role did such slaves play in the war Many slaves responded to the invitation Between and slaves joined the British army When the British landed on Staten Island in New York and New Jersey slaves joined them When the Royal Navy sailed up rivers in Pennsylvania and Maryland more slaves joined them and when the British attacked Charleston still more joined Runaway slaves built forts tended the wounded carried supplies and fought alongside white soldiers What arguments did Thomas Paine put forward in Common Sense What impact did the pamphlet have on public opinion Paine made two basic points that monarchy was always a bad way for people to be governed and that the time was right to declare independence Paine s argument had a powerful impact on public opinion Appearing on the same day George III declared the North American colonies to be in a state of rebellion it helped galvanize public support for revolution What was the importance of the Battle of Saratoga The Battle of Saratoga was a turning point for the colonial cause It eliminated a significant British force and it proved to the world especially those in France and Spain who were watching the war closely that the Americans could stand up to Britain s toughest troops As a result American diplomats were able to negotiate an agreement with the French and later the Spanish to recognize the united colonies and provide military assistance Making Connections Take another look at the painting of Sarah Franklin Bache on page of your textbook What role did women like Bache play in supporting the patriot cause Student answers will vary Students should discuss the role of women in fund raising in economic resistance to British policies and in producing clothing and other items for use by American soldiers Graphic Note Taking Follow Up In your opinion what was the most important battle of the war Why Use the table you created while reading this section to help you answer this question Student answers will vary Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include The impact of the revolution on different social groups Economic conditions in the decades following the war Conflicting visions of the new national government The forces and events that led to the creation and ratification of the Constitution Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter Democracy Shays s Rebellion The Northwest Ordinance of Treaty of Fort Stanwix Republican Motherhood Annapolis Convention Constitutional Convention Separation of powers Federalism Proportional representation Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Plan or the Great Compromise Electoral College Three-fifths clause Federalists Antifederalists The State of the Nation at War s End Graphic Note Taking Charting Diverse Outcomes When the War for Independence officially came to an end in newly independent Americans from all walks of life celebrated Victory however had very different consequences for different social and ethnic groups As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on the impact of the American victory on important segments of colonial society You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Group Consequences Revolutionary Army Officers Poor White Farmers White Settlers Moving West Acceleration of migration westward Organization of western territories for sale and government American Indians Slaves former Slaves and Slave Owners Women Participation of women in the war Republican Motherhood Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What brought the American army to the brink of mutiny and a coup d tat in Once the army had won its final battle the Continental Congress asked the soldiers to wait for the army to be formally disbanded before they went home For a year and a half the army waited but by the spring of the soldiers and officers had many reasons for complaint The northern army was in barracks in Newburgh New York They were bored By December they had not been paid for months Pensions that the Congress had promised looked like they might never be paid Under these conditions army officers threatened to topple the government by force if their demands were not met Why was American victory in the Revolutionary War a disaster for American Indians Despite the loyalty of the Iroquois to the British during the Revolution the king s government agreed to the Treaty of Paris in which ceded all the lands between the Atlantic coast and the Mississippi and south of the Great Lakes and Canada to the new United States without consulting with their old allies The Proclamation Line limiting white settlement was gone Under these altered conditions and without the aid of the British Indian peoples faced a flood of white settlers moving west What role did advocates of Republican Motherhood imagine women playing in the new nation According to the ideology of Republican Motherhood women were to have an important role but a limited one in the new nation Republican Motherhood was a kind of middle position between pre-Revolutionary passivity and the female activism that flourished during the Revolution itself Revolutionary Motherhood advocates suggested that women would advise their husbands and raise their sons to be active citizens and their daughters to be part of another generation of Republican mothers who shaped the nation from home Making Connections Take another look at the drawing of discontented farmers gathering during Shays s Rebellion on page of your text book How might such scenes have contributed to the push to replace the Articles of Confederation with a document that established a stronger central government Student answers will vary Students should discuss the fears among many elites that the country was descending into chaos They should note that many elites saw Shays s Rebellion as proof that the country needed a stronger central government to prevent war within and between the states Finally they may suggest that social divisions played an important role in elite perception of Shays s Rebellion Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following question What impact did American victory in the Revolutionary War have on the institution of slavery Student answers will vary Students should note the differing impact by region They should discuss the abolition of slavery in the North its modification in the Upper South and its further entrenchment in the Lower South Creating a Government Writing the U S Constitution Graphic Note Taking Outline By the late s many Americans had become convinced that the nation s problems could not be adequately addressed by the government established by the Articles of Confederation Facing complex fiscal and national security challenges delegates met in Philadelphia in to craft a new constitution As you read the section create an outline like the one included below to help you trace the developments and debates that led to the ratification of the U S Constitution You should continue your outline from the point at which the one included below leaves off You'll use your outline to answer a question when you finish this section I The Crisis of the s The Failure of the Articles of Confederation A Challenges and Problems The power of state governments Limits on ability of national government to act in unified fashion Unanimous agreement required to levy taxes Student answers will vary Student outlines should continue the format and level of detail suggested by the example included above Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What was the key difference between the Virginia Plan and the New Jersey Plan The Virginia Plan called for proportional representation while the New Jersey Plan called for a Congress in which both houses would be made up of delegates elected by state legislatures with an equal number from each state Delegates from larger states generally supported the Virginia Plan Delegates from smaller states generally supported the New Jersey Plan What concessions were made to slaveholders during the drafting of the Constitution Slaves were to be counted as three-fifths of a person for purposes of assigning seats in the House of Representatives The power of Congress to regulate the slave trade was significantly restricted Finally the Constitution included a fugitive slave provision Who were the Antifederalists Antifederalists were people who worried that a strong national government would trample on the rights of sovereign states and the liberties of individual white male citizens They believed that the Constitution offered little to calm their fears The Antifederalist camp included many of those who had fought hardest against British authority in the Revolution Making Connections Take another look at the image of crowds celebrating the ratification of the Constitution on page of your text book Given the strong opposition to the Constitution in many parts of the country how would you explain the positive popular reaction to ratification Student answers will vary Students may suggest that Americans were relived that key political issues had been resolved They may argue that Americans believed that once the issue was settled it was in everyone s best interests to unite Finally they may suggest that by the time the Constitution was ratified most Americans had been convinced that a Constitution that included a bill of rights was the best available option for the country Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question Why did the Federalists win the battle over the ratification of the Constitution Student answers will vary Students should note the superior unity and organization of the Federalists They should discuss the persuasive power of the Federalist Papers Finally they should discuss the willingness of the Federalists to compromise in order to secure ratification giving particular attention to their promise to enact a bill of rights Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include The creation and organization of the federal government The debate over the role of government in the American economy Washington s role in setting precedents for future administrations The evolution of American political life during the first few decades of independence Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter Bill of Rights Bank of the United States Treaty of Greenville Whiskey Rebellion Citizen Gen t Affair Jay s Treaty Pinckney s Treaty XYZ Affair Quasi-War Alien and Sedition Acts Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions Convening a Congress Inaugurating a President Adopting a Bill of Rights Graphic Note Taking Mastering Details The ratification of the Constitution set the stage for the creation of a new federal government There was much to do including holding elections creating the executive branch and enacting the Bill of Rights As you read this section make a list of the most important early actions of the newly formed federal government Note both the action and its significance You'll use your list to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the list below The first elections set pattern of diversity in state rules Washington inaugurated set stage for creation of the executive branch Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What urgent tasks did Congress have to address as soon as it convened in early The Constitution required each house to set up its own rules of operation The Senate had to confirm the election of the president The Constitution also gave the new government the power to set and collect taxes and the need for a new tax law was pressing with each day of delay resulting in significant lost revenue What suggestions were made for the style and tone of presidency What approach did Washington choose Some led by Alexander Hamilton recommended that Washington establish a court similar to that of King George III Others including Vice President John Adams recommended a more egalitarian approach Washington steered a middle course insisting on formal state dinners and fairly formal relationships with those who came to call on him but avoiding a throne or robes of office Why did Madison move quickly to create a Bill of Rights despite the fact that he did not personally believe the Constitution needed amending Madison had promised to add a Bill of Rights to the Constitution guaranteeing citizens important rights under a federal government Without a promise for those added rights key states would not have ratified the Constitution While he was determined to fulfill his promise Madison also knew that Antifederalists sought more far-reaching changes and he wanted to act faster than those opponents Making Connections Take another look at the drawing of a Methodist church on page of your text book Why might the members of such a church have supported the strict separation of church and state Student answers will vary Students should note that prior to the Revolution Methodist and Baptist churches were popular but had to compete with government-sponsored denominations in many colonies Strict separation of church and states would allow the newer denominations to compete on an even playing field Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following question What limits did the Bill of Rights place on the powers of the federal government Student answers will vary Students should note the areas in which Congress was barred from passing legislation the reservation of powers for the states and reservation of powers for the people Creating an Economy Alexander Hamilton and the U S Economic System Graphic Note Taking Compare and Contrast As the federal government grappled with the many economic problems facing the nation competing visions of the nation s economic future emerged among the country s leaders These competing visions represented by the ideas of Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson would help define the lines of the developing party system As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on Hamilton and Jefferson s key ideas You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Alexander Hamilton Thomas Jefferson Wanted a complete economy within the U S Sought to stimulate development of manufacturing Wanted an agrarian nation that exported raw materials Worried about excessive involvement of government in the economy Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review Why was it essential for Hamilton to address the national debt The national debt created enormous problems for the U S economy Few people trusted the new country s ability to pay its bills As a result neither the state and federal governments nor private businesses could borrow money The government could not finance desperately needed activities Private businesses could not restart commerce What groups opposed the recommendations made by Hamilton in his Report Relative to a Provision for the Support of Public Credit What was the basis of their opposition States like Virginia and North Carolina that had paid off most of their own war debts were unhappy with the idea that they would pay taxes to cover the debts of what they considered less responsible states like Massachusetts and South Carolina Veterans who had sold their government promissory notes at highly depreciated rates were appalled that the civilian speculators to whom they had sold them would get rich on the percent payment of the debt And for those who shared Jefferson s view of a democratic nation of small farmers Hamilton s plan created a national government that was too big would raise too much in taxes sustain a standing army and shift power from farmers to urban and commercial interests What advantages did Hamilton see in the establishment of a central bank Hamilton believed the United States could have a stable currency that everyone trusted if the Bank of the United States were chartered A central bank could also make loans thus expanding the amount of credit available With resources backed by both private investors and government guarantees the bank could ease the credit squeeze and stimulate commerce and trade Businesses could get loans Investment in new enterprises could begin Making Connections Take another look at the image of the First Bank of the United States on page of your text book What does its design suggest about Hamilton s vision of the new bank Student answers will vary Students may note the bank s size the imposing columns and the use of white stone to set it off from surrounding buildings They may link these features to a desire that the bank be imposing important solid and well-respected Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question Why did Jefferson reject the proposals made by Hamilton in his Report on Manufacturers Student answers will vary Students should describe Jefferson s agrarian vision for the nation They should also discuss his fear that Hamilton s plan gave the government too large a role in the economy Finally they may note that Hamilton s plan was implicitly anti-slavery rendering it unacceptable to many in the South Setting the Pace The Washington Administration Graphic Note Taking Identifying Challenges The establishment of a government under the terms of the Constitution did not bring peace and stability to the new nation As president George Washington was faced with a number of serious threats to the unity and security of the United States As you read this section use a table like the one to identify those threats and describe Washington s response to them You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Threat Washington s Response Conflict with Indian Peoples Initial efforts at diplomacy and efforts to expand army Open warfare in and Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review Why was the Treaty of Greenville such an important turning point in relations between white settlers and Indian peoples in the Ohio Valley The Treaty of Greenville ended major hostilities between Indians and whites in the future states of Ohio and Indiana The treaty established Indian reserves while ceding most of the remaining lands to white settlers For the tribes of the Northwest the Treaty of Greenville marked the end of their control of the territory Although groups of Indians and settlers continued to have minor skirmishes for another twenty years was the end of the Indian Wars in the Ohio region Why did Hamilton s Whiskey Tax spark a rebellion led by western farmers Since the tax was applied uniformly to all producers small producers of whiskey ended up paying a higher percentage of their income than did those producing larger amounts Moreover the tax singled out these whiskey-making farmers and not others such as land speculators Western farmers complained that the tax discriminated against them Most frontier farmers had opposed adopting the Constitution Now the first administration elected under that document wanted to destroy what they saw as their best hope of economic prosperity Under these circumstances many chose rebellion How did Citizen Genet anger President Washington and dim popular enthusiasm for the French Revolution among some Americans In direct violation of American neutrality Genet commissioned American ships to attack British shipping When Washington expressed his displeasure Genet continued to raise arms for privateers to attack the British and recruited soldiers from Kentucky to attack Florida The French government withdrew Genet at Washington s request but the damage had already been done Making Connections Take another look at the image of the tarring and feathering of a U S tax agent on page of your text book What connections can you make between this image and similar images of attacks on tax agents created before and during the Revolutionary War Student answers will vary Students may suggest that farmers such as those pictured saw parallels between the actions of the U S government and those of the British in the s and s They may speculate that the image provides evidence that the national unity displayed in the election of George Washington was not as deeply rooted as one might imagine Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question How did Washington respond to the challenges posed by the French Revolution Student answers will vary Students should describe Washington s decision to serve a second term in light of the French Revolution They should note that he declared America s neutrality in the struggle between France and its European enemies but often favored the French Finally they should discuss the change in U S foreign policy in the aftermath of the Citizen Genet affair The Birth of Political Parties Adams and Jefferson Graphic Note Taking Outline The framers of the Constitution feared political factions and took steps to avoid their formation Nonetheless by the mid- s political divisions that would evolve into political parties were already starting to emerge As you read this section create an outline like the one below to help you trace the development of American politics in the late eighteenth century You should continue your outline from the point at which the one included below leaves off You'll use your outline to answer a question when you finish this section II The Election of B John Adams Versus Thomas Jefferson Adams represented the Federalists Jefferson the anti-federalists Candidates did not campaign in person Many saw Washington as offering unofficial support for Adams Student answers will vary Student outlines should continue the format and level of detail suggested by the example included above Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What were the most important consequences of the XYZ Affair When word of the so-called XYZ Affair reached Congress and the American public in March Adams s popularity soared and many called for a war against France to avenge U S honor Federalists in Congress voted to increase the size of the Army and shift its focus from the western frontier to a presumed threat of French invasion on the Atlantic coast As a result of the affair in and the United States and France engaged in what became known as the Quasi-War What were the Alien and Sedition Acts and who did they target The Alien Acts lengthened the time to qualify for citizenship from five to fourteen years to ensure that recent pro-French immigrants could not vote and allowed the government to deport anyone deemed dangerous to the United States The Sedition Act targeted primarily Democratic-Republican newspaper editors making any false scandalous and malicious speech against the government particularly Congress or the president a crime What constitutional claims were made in the Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions The Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions asserted a state s right to declare federal law void and of no force within the state s jurisdiction Thus the states had right to refuse to enforce the Alien and Sedition Acts if they so chose Similar arguments would be made again at critical points in the nation s history most notably in the context of tariffs and slavery Making Connections Take another look at the cartoon depicting French government on page of your text book What importance should we attach to the fact that the French are depicted as having close relations with Africans and Indians Student answers will vary Students may suggest that by linking the excesses of the French Revolution to the uncivilized behavior of non-European peoples the artist meant to suggest that the French were barbarous and not participants in the same fight for liberty as Americans Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your outline to answer the following question How did the elections of and differ Student answers will vary Students should note that formal parties had not yet emerged but that nonetheless the ideological division between Federalists and Democratic-Republicans had become sharper They should discuss the fact that these two groups had come to represent distinct philosophies Finally they should note that the election of was shaped by conflicts and competition within the Federalist and Democratic-Republican camps and featured open campaigning by the candidates Fraser Chapter Complete the following exercises in order as you read the chapter INTRODUCTION Introductions provide a valuable guide to the material you are about to read telling you what topics will be covered and how they fit together If you keep the big picture provided by the introduction in mind as you read the chapter you'll find it much easier to organize your notes identify important information and avoid getting lost in the details With this in mind re-read the introduction to Chapter As you read make a list of the key topics you expect to learn about Key Topics Student answers will vary Topics listed may include Jefferson s vision of the country and its future The changing place of religion in American life Territorial expansion in the early nineteenth century Foreign policy and military conflict Key Terms When you finish reading the chapter identify and explain the importance of the following terms Use this list to review your understanding of the chapter Republicanism Tariff Midnight judges Marbury v Madison Judicial Review Wall of separation between church and state Religious establishment Deist Second Great Awakening Louisiana Purchase Corps of Discovery Embargo Act Non-Intercourse Act The Hartford Convention Treaty of Ghent Adams-On s Treaty Monroe Doctrine Jefferson and the Republican Ideal Graphic Note Taking Mastering Details Thomas Jefferson s vision of the United States and its future had a lasting impact on American life As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on Jefferson s most important assumptions and beliefs Be sure to include details about how those beliefs were translated into actions and policies You'll use your list to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Social Hierarchy Rejected traditional hierarchy based on birth introduced informal style to White House The American Economy Believed the foundation of the economy should be independent farmers resisted efforts to promote manufacturing sector The Role of Government Individual Rights and Liberties Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What steps did Jefferson take to reduce the size of the federal government Jefferson reduced the number of federal employees He cut the size of the army in the west and the navy that patrolled the Atlantic Ocean These cuts allowed him to reduce the cost of government and lower taxes While he kept in place taxes on imported goods he eliminated all internal taxes What was the long-term importance of the Supreme Court s decision in Marbury v Madison In its ruling the Court claimed the authority to declare an act of Congress unconstitutional It was the first time the Court asserted this power of judicial review The Court would not use this power to determine the constitutionality of an act of Congress again until but the ruling dramatically expanded the authority of the federal courts How did the makeup of the American electorate change in the early nineteenth century While voting restrictions related to race and gender continued and even grew in the early s virtually all property qualifications for voting disappeared and many people now wanted to vote As a result the number of voters which had previously included around percent of the white male population expanded in most states to and percent Making Connections Take another look at the painting of Monticello on page of your text book How well does Jefferson s home reflect his political values Student answers will vary Some students may see the grandness of the home as a contradiction of Jefferson s values Others will see its integration with the landscape and its classical elements as consistent with Jefferson s beliefs Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to help answer the following question What connections can you make between Jefferson s political ideology and his domestic policy initiatives Student answers will vary Students should discuss Jefferson s vision of an agrarian republic They should describe his efforts to shrink the government They should also discuss the territorial expansion of the United States linking it to Jefferson s desire to make more land available for settlement Finally they should discuss the ways in which Jefferson s style of government reflected his political beliefs The Ideal of Religious Freedom Graphic Note Taking Charting Diversity The religious revival of the s and s the Second Great Awakening had a profound impact on American life and culture As state-sponsored churches disappeared they were replaced by dynamic and diverse denominations As you read this section use a table like the one included below to take notes on America s religious diversity in the early nineteenth century You'll use your table to answer a question when you finish this section Student answers will vary Sample entries are included in the table below Methodists Brought to America by John Wesley emphasized personal decision to embrace Christ focused on emotional rather than intellectual experience of religion Baptists Free Black Churches Free blacks excluded from white churches or treated as second-class members Richard Allen organized Bethel Church in by Africa Methodist Church had thousands of members Religion and Slavery Catholics Jews Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review How did the place of religion in American life change between and Church attendance in America dropped during and after the Revolution Many of the elite like Jefferson were deists who saw God as at most a distant force in human affairs At the same time state-sponsored churches disappeared During Jefferson s presidency however Americans participated in an outpouring of evangelical Christianity the beginning of the Second Great Awakening This religious revival paralleled and indeed exceeded the Great Awakening of the s that had transformed American Christianity What made John Wesley s Methodism appealing to so many Americans John Wesley believed that it was in the power of every person to decide whether they wanted to experience salvation His emphasis on the need for free individuals to make their own decisions appealed in freedom-loving Jeffersonian America In addition Wesley s experience of having his heart strangely warmed allowed a level of emotionalism in Methodism that was lacking in other denominations How did the Second Great Awakening affect enslaved African-Americans Slaves participated in religious revivals often mixing with whites while doing so Many plantation owners organized religious services for slaves that focused on the virtues of submission and obedience Slaves however created their own forms of Christianity forms that reflected the burdens they suffered under and their longing for freedom Making Connections Take another look at the drawing of a camp revival meeting on page of your text book How would you explain the fact that most of the participants are women Student answers will vary Students may speculate that the new denominations created increased opportunities for female participation They may suggest that the emphasis on emotion fit well with early nineteenth-century ideas about female traits and characteristics They may also suggest that the informal atmosphere of outdoor revival meetings made it easier for women to step out of normal social conventions Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question What common beliefs connected participants in the Second Great Awakening Student answers will vary Students should note that many Americans were dissatisfied with mainstream churches They should discuss the role of emotion in the new religious denominations They should also discuss the connection between religious revival and Republicanism Beyond the Mississippi The Louisiana Purchase and the Expedition of Lewis and Clark Graphic Note Taking Outline Jefferson s presidency saw the dramatic expansion of American territory with the Louisiana Purchase almost doubling the nation s land area As you read the section create an outline like the one included below to help you trace the events that led to the Louisiana Purchase as well as the initial efforts to explore and survey the new territory You should continue your outline from the point at which the one included below leaves off You'll use your outline to answer a question when you finish this section III Events Leading to the Louisiana Purchase C Geography and Politics Challenges of shipping goods from farms west of the Alleghenies Unrest among western farmers The transfer of land from France to Spain and back again Student answers will vary Student outlines should continue the format and level of detail suggested by the example included above Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review Why was New Orleans so important to the United States More than half of all the goods shipped out of the United States were shipped down the Mississippi River and through the port of New Orleans If a foreign power controlled the city and blocked American access to it it would catastrophic for the American economy How did New Orleans differ from other American cities of the early nineteenth century Many of its inhabitants spoke French or Spanish but they now lived in a country where business was conducted in English It was a Catholic city that was now part of an overwhelmingly Protestant country Its citizens were a cosmopolitan mix with attitudes toward many things including race and sexuality that were different from those of most Americans Why did Jefferson authorize the Lewis and Clark expedition Jefferson wanted to assert American dominance in North America With this in mind in he asked Congress to support a scientific expedition to study the people lands and animal and plant species of the North American continent across the Louisiana territory and on to the Pacific Ocean While he wanted the scientific information Jefferson was even more interested in a full report on Spanish and French military power in the region Once that territory became part of the United States he also wanted to conduct treaties with as many of the Indian peoples living in the region as possible Making Connections Take another look at Map - Exploring the New Territory on page of your text book What role did Indian peoples and individual Indians play in the success of the Lewis and Clark expedition Student answers will vary Students should discuss the help offered by the Mandans the role of Sacagawea the help the Nez Perce gave the expedition when they reached the Rockies and the particular help offered by Twisted Hair Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your notes to answer the following question Why did Napoleon decide to sell the Louisiana Territory to the United States Student answers will vary Students should describe Napoleon s financial difficulties They should discuss events in Haiti both in terms of the costs of fighting rebellious slaves and the diminished importance of New Orleans and the Mississippi Valley to France if Haiti became independent The War of Graphic Note Taking Timeline The War of had deep roots going back to the Revolution itself Tensions between the United States and Britain never really subsided after the War for Independence and in they exploded in a new conflict As you read this section create a time line of key events leading to the outbreak of war Your timeline should start in with the Treaty of Paris and end in with the Battle of New Orleans Student answers will vary Events noted should include but not be limited to the French Revolution the rise of Napoleon the Leopard crisis of the Embargo Act the Non-Intercourse Act key battles of the war and the Treaty of Ghent Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review What was the Embargo Act and why did it fail to achieve its desired results The Embargo Act forbade U S trade with any foreign ports Jefferson believed it would force the British to reconsider their naval policies It failed because British warehouses were full the country was having a good harvest other nations were willing to sell food and they could wait out the Americans Moreover most Americans were anxious to maintain the income that commerce provided and smuggling increased dramatically Who were the War Hawks and what did they want The War Hawks were a group of congressional Republicans mostly from the west and south who argued that war with Britain was in the country s best interests They believed it would result in territorial expansion and allow the United States to settle the conflicts on the Indian frontier once and for all Why did the British agree to a peace treaty that affirmed the pre-war status quo despite the fact that they were winning the war Despite its strong position in the war Britain having ended its hostilities with France feared that peace would not last and it wanted to end its battles with the United States to conserve resources Initially the British asked for significant concessions including a large protected zone for their Indian allies but the American delegation stalled through much of Late in the year fearing the situation with France the British agreed to a treaty that essentially returned all borders and issues to their status quo before the war began Making Connections Take another look at the paintings of Tecumseh and Tenskwatawa on page of your text book What core beliefs motivated these two men Student answers will vary Students should discuss their belief that Indian peoples had become dependent on white culture and white goods They should describe their efforts to convince Indians to renounce white ways and to participate in a spiritual revival Finally they should discuss their belief that such a revival would lead to the disappearance of whites from Indian territory Graphic Note Taking Follow Up Use your timeline to answer the following question What were the root causes of the War of Student answers will vary Students should note ongoing tensions between the United States and Britain They should discuss the impact of the Napoleonic wars on American-British relations They should describe the impact of impressment on American public opinion Finally they should discuss American concerns about British military power in the west Expanding American Territory and Influence Graphic Note Taking Outline American expansion did not end with the Louisiana Purchase Under Jefferson s successors the United States acquired additional territory more white settlers moved west and the United States asserted its dominance in the Western Hemisphere As you read this section create an outline like the one included below to help you trace these developments You should continue your outline from the point at which the one included below leaves off You'll use your outline to answer a question when you finish this section I Moving Beyond America s Borders A Kentucky and Missouri Daniel Boone created first white settlements in Kentucky later moved to Spanish-controlled Missouri Settlers assumed that where they went American sovereignty would follow Boone s pattern followed in Florida Texas New Mexico and California Student answers will vary Student outlines should continue the format and level of detail suggested by the example included above Reviewing the Facts Provide a short answer - sentences for each of the questions below It's OK if you need to go back and re-read parts of the section in order to find the answers The purpose of these questions is not to test you but to help you discover how much you know and what you might need to review Why was the United States interested in gaining control of Florida Spain s ownership of Florida gave it control of most access to the Gulf of Mexico which was a threat to U S shipping Slaves and others seeking to escape U S jurisdiction could easily escape south along a long unguarded border and melt into the vast unruly lands of Florida Seminole Indians often welcomed escaped slaves and created new communities that were united in their dislike of the Americans Americans just north of the Florida border were hungry for more land Many ignored international boundaries and crossed into Florida to farm and build settlements Why did the Spanish agree to transfer control of Florida to the United States Spain did not care much about Florida but did have serious concerns about the independence movements in the Spanish colonies in Mexico and South America The Spanish authorities wanted assurance that the United States would not aid or recognize these revolutions Spain was also deeply worried about its control of the land from Texas to California It was more than willing to trade Florida for assurances about Texas and the revolutions further south What implicit claims did the United States make in issuing the Monroe Doctrine First that the independence not only of the United States but of all of the independent Americas