Genetic diversity and population structure in fighting fish. (A and B) Differences of genetic diversity between domesticated and wild fish measured in nucleotide diversity and number of rare alleles, respectively. P values for t-test are shown above. (C and D) Population structure among domesticated and wild fish, and within domesticated fish, respectively, revealed by principal component analysis. EE, elephant ear; DT, double tail; HM, halfmoon tail; HT, horse tail; PK, Plakat tail; VT, veil tail. (E) The most likely number of genetic clusters (K) is inferred as 3, where shows the lowest cross-validation errors. (F) Population structure at individual level revealed by admixture analysis, at K = 2 and 3, in domesticated fish. Major traits including body color (– indicates too complicated color pattern to phenotype, whereas T and W indicate transparent and white coat color, respectively) and fin shape (codes are corresponding to those in D), for each individual, are also shown below.