Describe five ways in which positive emotions influence motivation to learn.
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"Timeout," or the removal of a student from the body of the class, has been demonstrated as an effective deterrent for inappropriate behavior. Explain why "timeout" works on the basis of humanistic theories of motivation.
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Kathy is an avid reader, and she loves reading great literature. In fact, the more she reads, the greater her interest appears to be. Using Maslow's hierarchy as a basis, which of the following best explains Kathy's tendency?
A) Kathy's growth needs have been met.
B) Kathy's belonging need has been met.
C) Kathy is a self-actualized individual.
D) Kathy is compensating for low self-esteem by being an avid reader.
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"I work really hard on my math," Mike, a middle school student, comments. "I know that math courses in high school are tough, so the better I understand it now, the better I'll understand it when I get to the tough classes." Using learners' beliefs as a basis, which of the following best explains why Mike is motivated to study math?
A) Doing well in math will help him meet his need for self-determination, because it will give him a feeling of autonomy.
B) Doing well in math will help him develop his sense of self-worth need, since it will suggest he has high ability in math.
C) Doing well in math has high utility value for him, since he sees it as useful for meeting future goals.
D) Doing well in math will be reinforcing for him, since reinforcers increase behavior.
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James is misbehaving in Norma Washington's class. After the third incident, Norma removes James from the group and puts him in a time-out area. The next day Norma greets James warmly and treats him as if his past behavior was irrelevant. If Norma was using humanistic views of motivation to guide her decision, which of the following statements best describes her efforts?
A) Norma was trying to increase James' sense of self-worth.
B) Norma was trying to communicate unconditional positive regard for James.
C) Norma was attempting to negatively reinforce James for desirable behaviors.
D) Norma was trying to reduce James' anxiety about being back with the group.
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If they are consistent with patterns identified by research, which student of the following is likely to be the highest achiever?
A) Nile
B) Sylvia
C) Misty
D) Malisa
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A learner sees a fellow student explain a math problem at the board and concludes that she can probably do the problems assigned for homework. In this situation, which of the following is most influencing her sense of self-efficacy?
A) Past performance
B) Modeling
C) Verbal persuasion
D) Psychological state
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Promoting motivation to learn with low achievers is particularly challenging for teachers. Using learners' beliefs as a basis for the explanation, which of the following best explains why promoting motivation to learn with these students is so difficult?
A) Low-achieving students rarely get to the level of growth needs in Maslow's hierarchy, and meeting growth needs is essential for motivation to learn.
B) Low-achieving students are often punished for misbehavior, and the punishment detracts from their motivation to learn.
C) Low-achieving students have a history of failure, so their expectation for success is low, and low success expectations detract from motivation to learn.
D) Low-achieving students' needs for relatedness are rarely met, and lack of relatedness detracts from motivation to learn.
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"Aha! I've figured out what I need to do to get the computer to run this program. I'll be right with you. I want to go back in the lab and see if it will work on my assignment." The theory of motivation that best explains why a student would make such a statement is:
A) cognitive.
B) behaviorist.
C) sociocultural.
D) humanistic.
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Which of the following is a characteristic of low self-efficacy learners?
A) They expend high effort on challenging tasks.
B) They control stress and anxiety when goals aren't met.
C) They focus on feelings of incompetence.
D) They discard unproductive strategies.
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