Which tends to be true of students from lower socioeconomic status homes?
A) They have fewer school-related background experiences than students from higher SES backgrounds.
B) They tend to gravitate to activities out of the academic mainstream, such as sports, music, and art.
C) They are unable to learn in general education classrooms and usually are placed in classes for students with exceptionalities.
D) They tend to have more fully developed social lives than students from higher SES backgrounds.
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Which of the following statements illustrates the relationship between culture and ethnicity?
A) Culture and ethnicity are unrelated.
B) Culture is a part of ethnicity.
C) Culture and ethnicity are the same thing.
D) Ethnicity is a part of culture.
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Which of the following statements best represents the psychosocial crisis of identity vs. confusion?
A) "If we don't worry about what's happening to these kids, who will?"
B) "I've never been able to do this stuff. I'm just no good at it."
C) "Sometimes I think I would like to settle down with Jerry, but I'm not sure I want to give up my lifestyle."
D) "Oh, I don't know. Someday I'll figure out who I am."
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The two Kohlberg stages that are based on following social conventions and norms are:
A) social contract and universal principles.
B) market exchange and interpersonal harmony.
C) interpersonal harmony and law and order.
D) punishment and obedience and market exchange.
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The second-grade team is concerned about the sloppy work their students are turning in, so they implement a reinforcement scheme to promote neater work. In the process, each time students turn in a neatly written paper, Mrs. Oakes gives them a star. Mrs. Barber gives stars after they turn in three neatly done assignments in a row. They implement this process for a month and then they both stop giving the stars. Research patterns indicate which of the following is most likely to be correct?
A) Neat work will appear sooner in Mrs. Oakes's class and will remain neat longer.
B) Neat work will appear sooner in Mrs. Oakes's class but will also become sloppy again sooner.
C) Neat work will appear sooner in Mrs. Barber's class and will remain neat longer.
D) Neat work will appear at about the same time in both classes but will remain longer in Mrs. Barber's class.
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The process through which learners incorporate external, society-based activities into internal cognitive processes is best described as:
A) accommodation.
B) internalization.
C) assimilation.
D) transformation.
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The first week of class Marty talks a lot. Mr. Adams, his fifth-grade teacher, decides to pretend Marty isn't talking and doesn't react at all. By the winter holiday break, Marty has stopped talking in class. Which of the following has been illustrated?
A) Generalization
B) Punishment
C) Reinforcement
D) Extinction
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The concepts and symbols, such as numbers and language, that allow people to think, solve problems, and function in a culture are best described as:
A) types of cognitive tools.
B) examples of private speech.
C) types of scaffolding.
D) forms of internalization.
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Suzy, a fifth-grader, loves to chew gum in class, which is against the rules. Now each morning when Suzy comes in, Mr. Myers offers her some gum and says pleasantly, "I want you to chew this the whole period." Mr. Myers's strategy would be best described as an attempt to apply which of the following?
A) Discrimination
B) Shaping
C) Generalization
D) Satiation
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Sara, a seventh grader, is eager to respond to questions in class, and regularly raises her hand to respond. However, in spite of her efforts, Mr. Edwards calls on one of her classmates each time. This process continues for the next two days with the same results. The third day Sara sits quietly, not raising her hand. Focusing on Sara's behavior, the case study best illustrates:
A) the negative reinforcement of a behavior.
B) the elimination of a behavior through removal punishment.
C) non-reinforcement resulting in extinction of a behavior.
D) the elimination of a behavior through classical conditioning.
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