Meta-analysts depend on the calculation of an index that encapsulates in a single number the ...

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Cohen's d, the effect size index most often used, transforms all effects into standard deviation units (Chapter 12). If d were computed to be .50, it means that the group mean for one group was one-half a standard deviation higher than the mean for the other groupregardless of the original measurement scale. Visual inspection of heterogeneity usually relies on the construction of forest plots, which are often included in meta-analytic reports. A forest plot graphs the effect size for each study, together with the 95 CI around each estimate. Inclusion criteria are the characteristics that a primary study must possess to be included in the meta-analysis. One strategy for exploring moderating effects on effect size is to do subgroup analyses (moderator analyses), which involve splitting effect size information into distinct categorical groupsfor example, men and women.