ACTIVITY 1: Hyperventilation Answers
1. A substance that dissolves in water to release hydrogen (H+) ions is called a(n) _______. Acid
2. Which of the following is not a regulatory mechanism for acid/base balance in the body?
a. the kidneys
b. the respiratory system
c. protein buffers
d. the digestive system D. The digestive system
3. The maximum pH measured during hyperventilation was _______. 7.67
4. The tidal volume (TV) when breathing at rest was about _____ ml. The TV with hyperventilation was about _____ ml. The normal range for
5. Describe the normal ranges for pH and PCO2 in the blood. The normal range for ph is 7.35-7.45. The normal range for PCO2 is 35-45
6. Describe what happened to the pH and the carbon dioxide in the blood with hyperventilation. The ph increases and carbon dioxide decreases
7. Explain how returning to normal breathing after hyperventilation differed from hyperventilation without returning to normal breathing. When there is a return to normal breathing, there is a brief period of about 10 second where the breath is held in order to retain CO2 before returning to normal breathing after hyperventilation to normal breathing.
8. Describe some possible causes of respiratory alkalosis. Traveling at high altitudes or hyperventilation from fever, panic attack or anxiety.
ACTIVITY 2: Rebreathing
9. In cases of acidosis, the pH of the blood is
a. Between 7.4 and 7.55
b. Between 7.35 and 7.45
c. Less than 7.35
d. Greater than 7.55 C. Less than 7.35
10. In this lab simulation, the minimum pH during rebreathing was _______. 7.32
11. If a person is “treated” in a hospital emergency department by breathing in and out of a paper sack, this is a classic example of _________ to lower the blood pH. Rebreathing
12. Hypoventilation results in
a. lightheadedness.
b. numbness around the lips. Answer: _________
c. an accumulation of CO2 in the blood.
d. a good treatment for respiratory acidosis. C. an accumulation of CO2 in the blood.
13. Describe what happened to the pH and the PCO2 levels in the blood during rebreathing. They both increased
14. Describe several possible causes of respiratory acidosis. Airway obstruction depression of respiratory center in the brain stem, ling disease and drug overdose
15. Explain how the renal system can compensate for respiratory acidosis. The Kidneys regulate the acid base balance by altering the amount of H+ and HCO23- excreted in the urine
ACTIVITY 3: Renal Responses to Respiratory Acidosis and Respiratory Alkalosis
16. When carbon dioxide (CO2) mixes with water in the blood stream, carbonic acid is formed. This carbonic acid can then dissociate into the _______ ion and the _______ ion. H+ and HCO3-
17. When more CO2 is produced by the body than can be expired from the lungs, the pH of the blood might
a. increase
b. stay normal
c. decrease
d. either stay in the normal range or decrease. D. either stays in the normal range or decrease.
18. True or False: The renal system is able to fully compensate for acidosis or alkalosis. False
19. Describe what happened to the concentration of ions in the urine when the blood PCO2 was lowered. H+ decreased and HCO3- elevated
20. What condition was simulated when the blood PCO2 was lowered? Acidosis
21. Describe what happened to the concentration of ions in the urine when the blood PCO2 was raised. H+ elevated and HCO3- decrease
22. What condition was stimulated when the blood PCO2 was raised? Alkalosis
ACTIVITY 4: Respiratory Responses to Metabolic Acidosis and Metabolic Alkalosis
23. The cellular gaseous waste product than can accumulate in the blood stream is ______ ______. Carbon dioxide
24. In this lab simulation, when the metabolic rate was increased to 80 kcal/hour, the pH of the blood lowered to ______ because of an accumulation of _______ [H+] in the blood.
a. 7.32; 45
b. 7.30; 42
c. 7.25; 63
d. 7.09; 92 C. 7.25;63
25. When the metabolism was decreased, the number of breaths/minute _________. Decreased
26. True or False: In a hospital, the treatments for respiratory acidosis and metabolic acidosis are usually the same because these conditions are so similar. True
27. Describe what happened to the blood pH when the metabolic rate was increased to 80 kcal/hr. What body system was compensating? Ph decreased
28. List and describe some possible causes of metabolic acidosis, i.e. how the acidosis is caused. Ketoacidosis, salivylate poisoning, ingesting too much alcohol, diarrhea, and strenuous exercise.
29. Describe what happened to the blood pH when the metabolic rate was decreased to 20 kcal/hr.
What body system was compensating?
30. List and describe some possible causes of metabolic alkalosis, i.e. how the alkalosis is caused. Ingestion of Alkali- vomiting constipation
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