Professor Johnson is conducting a study of the drinking behaviors of college students. She intends ...

Professor Johnson is conducting a study of the drinking behaviors of college students. She intends to follow the students throughout their college career, beginning with her introductory class. The survey is a graded part of the midterm and final exams that she gives. The students are given informed consent forms to sign, and the professor assures confidentiality. What ethical problem is present in her project?
 
  a. no harm to participants.
  b. voluntary participation.
  c. value-free reports of data.
  d. deception.
  e. value placed on anonymity.