What level of neural input (to motor neurons) involves pyramidal cells?
a. input from the brain stem
b. input from the efferent neurons
c. input from afferent neurons
d. input from the sensory cortex
e. input from the primary motor cortex
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Question 2) Neurons that play a major role in the sleep-wake cycle are found in
a. the hypothalamus
b. the brain stem
c. the cerebellum
d. all of the above
e. both a and c
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Question 3) What is the least complex type of purposeful motor movement?
a. somatic reflex responses
b. voluntary movements
c. rhythmic activities
d. tetanus contraction
e. fine motor movements
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Question 4) A neuromodulator implicated as a neural sleep factor is
a. adenosine
b. ATP
c. caffeine
d. norepinephrine
e. enkephalin
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Question 5) What are the two types of fast-twitch muscle fibers?
a. oxidative and phosphoric
b. oxidative and glycolytic
c. pyruvic and glycolytic
d. acetic and glycolytic
e. fast and slow
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Question 6) Which of the following can activate the arousal system?
a. motor activity
b. afferent sensory input
c. intense excitement
d. sensory input
e. all of the above
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Question 7) What hormone, elevated during exercise, increases oxygen consumption?
a. dopamine
b. serotonin
c. acetylcholine
d. norepinephrine
e. epinephrine
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Question 8) Which statement about paradoxical sleep is incorrect?
a. Characterized by rapid eye movements.
b. Occurs before entering slow-wave sleep.
c. Characterized by dreaming.
d. The EEG pattern during paradoxical sleep is similar to that of an alert, awake person.
e. A specified amount of paradoxical sleep appears to be required.
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Question 9) What are the two main types of fatigue?
a. skeletal and cardiac
b. skeletal and smooth
c. muscle and cerebral
d. muscle and psychological
e. muscle and central
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Question 10) The ____ nerves primarily innervate visceral organs.
a. facial
b. trochlear
c. vagus
d. abducens
e. accessory
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