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MalorieB MalorieB
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6 years ago
Discuss the steps involved in contraction of smooth muscle and explain why smooth muscle has a slower contraction cycle.
 
  What will be an ideal response



(Question 2) Which of the following would NOT occur in response to hypovolemic shock?
 
  a) Activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone (RAA) system.
  b) Secretion of antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
  c) Activation of the sympathetic division of the ANS.
  d) Release of atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP).
  e) Release of local vasodilators.



(Question 3) In the diagram, which labeled structures are atrioventricular valves?
 
  a) B only
  b) D only
  c) A and C
  d) B and D
  e) A, B, C and D



(Question 4) This is composed of dense irregular tissue that runs continuous with the ureter.
 
  a) A
  b) B
  c) C



(Question 5) What is the major function of the hormone produced by the cells marked in the thyroid follicle shown in the histology picture?
 
  a) Involved in regulation of calcium homeostasis.
  b) Enhances contraction of smooth muscle cells in the uterus during delivery.
  c) In females, initiates development of oocytes. In males, stimulates sperm production.
  d) Decreases urine volume.
  e) Increases blood levels of Na+ and water.



(Question 6) Describe the basic anatomy of a spinal nerve plexus.
 
  What will be an ideal response



(Question 7) Which of the following blood cell types normally comprises the highest percentage of the blood component labeled II in the figure?
 
  a) eosinophils
  b) monocytes
  c) lymphocytes
  d) neutrophils
  e) basophils



(Question 8) The septum of the scrotum is made up of a subcutaneous layer and which muscle tissue?
 
  a) A
  b) B
  c) F
  d) G
  e) I



(Question 9) In the diagram, which labeled structure is the pulmonary semilunar valve?
 
  a) B
  b) D
  c) E
  d) A
  e) None of these choices



(Question 10) Which region includes B cells, follicular dendritic cells and macrophages?
 
  a) B
  b) C
  c) D
  d) E
  e) F
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6 years ago
1) Upon neural stimulation of the muscle, Ca2+ stored in the caveolae start to flow into the cell. Calmodulin, the regulatory protein in smooth muscles, will bind with the Ca++ which will activate the enzyme myosin light chain kinase (MLCK). This enzyme will use ATP to add a phosphate to the myosin head so that it can bind to actin so that the contraction can occur. The sliding of the actin and myosin is similar to the skeletal muscle. The slowness of the process is due to slow influx of Ca++ from caveolae into the cells (smooth muscles have a poor SR system, therefore, there is very little intercellular Ca++ storage). Also, the enzyme MLCK works very slowly which in turn causes the muscle to contract slowly.

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2) d

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3) d

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4) c

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5) a

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6) Axons from the anterior rami of spinal nerves do not go directly to the body structures they supply. Instead, they form networks called plexuses on both the left and right sides of the body by joining with various numbers of axons from anterior rami of adjacent spinal nerves. Thus, the nerves that emerge from a plexus and innervate body organs contain nerve fibers from multiple spinal nerves.

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7) d

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8) e

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9) d

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10) b
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