Describe the negative effects of pollutants on crops, forests, and other materials. Which pollutants ...

(Answer to question 1 )  Negative effects of air pollution on crops, forests, and other materials include the following: (t)he dying off of vegetation in large urban areas and the damage to crops, orchards, and forests downwind of urban centers are caused mainly by exposure to ozone and other photochemical oxidants. Estimates of crop damage by ozone range from 2 billion to 6 billion per year, with an estimated 1 billion in California alone. The negative impact of air pollution on wild plants and forest trees may be even greater than on agricultural crops. Significant damage to valuable ponderosa and Jeffrey pines occurred along the entire western foothills of the Sierra Nevada in California. Forests under stress from pollution are more susceptible to damage by insects and other pathogens than unstressed forests. Walls, windows, and other exposed surfaces turn gray and dingy as particulates settle on them. Paints and fabrics deteriorate more rapidly, and the sidewalls of tires and other rubber products become hard and checkered with cracks because of oxidation by ozone. Metal corrosion is increased dramatically by sulfur dioxide and acids derived from sulfur and nitrogen oxides, as are weathering and deterioration of stonework.
The pollutants mainly responsible for these effects are ozone and sulfuric and nitric acid.

(Answer to question 2 )  Population momentum is when a country's population continues to grow even after the total fertility rate is reduced to the replacement level. Population momentum occurs because such a small portion of the population is in the upper age groups (where most death occurs) and many children are entering their reproductive years. Even if these . . . (individuals) have only two children per woman, the number of births will far exceed the number of deaths.

(Answer to question 3 )  When people emigrate from less affluent countries (developing) to more affluent countries (developed) they adopt the lifestyle of their new home. This increases the environmental impact per person. Many people who immigrate to developed countries are the most educated individuals from the developing countries. This can be beneficial to the developed country but detrimental to the developing country.

(Answer to question 4 )  Every one of the primary and secondary air pollutants is a threat to human health, particularly the health of the respiratory system. Acute exposure to some pollutants can be life threatening, but many effects are chronic, acting over a period of years to cause a gradual deterioration of physiological functions. Moreover, some pollutants are carcinogenic, adding significantly to the risk of lung cancer as they are breathed into the lungs.
a) Chronic effects are effects that occur due to long-term exposure. Health impacts include bronchitis, fibrosis of the lung, reduced capacity of blood to carry oxygen, impaired lung function, and an adversely impacted immune system.
b) Acute affects occur when exposed to high levels of pollutants over a short period of time. Health impacts include death and heart attacks.
c) Carcinogenic effects are typically a result of low-level exposure over a long period of time.

(Answer to question 5 )  Developed countries are expected to see a population profile with increasing numbers of older individuals. The profile will look something like an inverted pyramid. Developing countries will become more columnar with increasingly the same number of individuals in each age group.

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