Hyperventilation should generally be avoided during mechanical ventilatory support. Exceptions to this rule include:
1. Trying to calm an agitated patient.
2. Failure of other methods to reduce intracranial pressure.
3. Hypokalemia causing cardiac arrhythmias.
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 3 only
c. 2 only
d. 1 and 2 only
Q. 2 Which of the following are potential effects of positive-pressure ventilation on the cardiovascular system? 1. Decreased venous return 2. Decreased cranial perfusion pressures 3. Increased pulmonary blood flow 4. Decreased ventricular stroke volume
a. 2 and 4 only
b. 1 and 4 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 1, 2, 3, and 4
Q. 3 Ventricular dysfunction occurs in patients receiving positive-pressure ventilation for which of the following reasons?
1. Hypovolemia
2. Excessive tidal volume
3. Receiving more than optimal positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP)
4. Hypervolemia
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 1, 2, and 3 only
c. 3 and 4 only
d. 2, 3, and 4 only
Q. 4 Assuming a constant rate of breathing, which of the following inspiratory-to-expiratory (I:E) ra-tio would tend to most greatly impair a patient's systemic diastolic pressure?
a. 1:4
b. 1:3
c. 1:2
d. 1:1
Q. 5 Potential effects of hyperventilation on the central nervous system include which of the follow-ing? 1. Increased O2 consumption 2. Increased cerebral vascular resistance (CVR) 3. Increased intracranial pressure (ICP)
a. 1 and 2 only
b. 2 and 3 only
c. 1 and 3 only
d. 1, 2, and 3
Q. 6 Moderate rises in pleural pressure during positive-pressure ventilation have a minimal effect on cardiac output in normal subjects. What are some reasons for this lack of effect?
1. Compensatory dilation of the large arteries
2. Compensatory increase in venomotor tone
3. Compensatory increase in the cardiac rate
a. 2 and 3 only
b. 1 and 2 only
c. 1, 2, and 3
d. 1 and 3 only
Q. 7 Which of the following parameters are set when volume-supported ventilation (VSV) is used? 1. Tidal volume 2. Maximum peak pressure 3. Positive end expiratory pressure (PEEP) 4. Flow
a. 1 and 3 only
b. 2 only
c. 1, 2, 3, and 4
d. 1, 2, and 3 only
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