Causal research designs use __________ to establish possible causal relationships.
a. focus groups
b. interviews
c. experiments
d. surveys
e. simulations
Question 2Indicate the CORRECT statement among the following.
a. The concept of causality is simplistic in nature.
b. If X causes Y, Y is certain to happen given that X occurs.
c. Given that X causes Y, it is possible that X may not be the sole cause of Y.
d. If X occurs before Y, then X is the sole cause of Y.
e. Causal designs are effective for generating initial hypotheses about relationships between variables.
Question 3Which of the following is FALSE?
a. Experiments provide strong evidence of causal relationships because of the control they give investigators.
b. The variables being manipulated by a researcher in an experiment are referred to as independent variables.
c. A field experiment takes place when an investigator creates a situation with the desired conditions and then manipulates some variables while controlling others.
d. Both b and c are true.
e. a, b, and c are true.
Question 4Which of the following statements about the concept of causality is TRUE?
a. Scientific methods allow researchers to prove that one thing causes another.
b. The general notion of causality embraces the idea that one thing leads to the occurrence of another.
c. A researcher can determine that all the other possible causes of an effect have been eliminated.
d. Both a and b are true.
e. a, b, and c are true.
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