Studies conducted in amenorrheic distance runners suggest that:
a. long-duration, weight-bearing exercise compensates for the loss of bone mineral density associated with amenorrhea.
b. bone mineral density declines in the first six months and then stabilizes due to long-duration, weight-bearing exercise.
c. osteopenia and osteoporosis do occur despite long-duration, weight-bearing exercise.
d. loss of bone mineral density is primarily a result of very low calcium intake, not exercise.
Q. 2What effect does amenorrhea in athletes have on stress fractures?
a. Prevalence of stress fractures is higher in those with amenorrhea.
b. Prevalence of stress fractures is lower in those with amenorrhea.
c. It has no effect on stress fractures.
Q. 3What causes the amenorrhea in those diagnosed with the Female Athlete Triad?
a. Extremely low body fat stores
b. Chronic energy deficits
c. Increase in stress hormones due to exercise
d. All of the above
Q. 4Osteopenia is defined as a low:
a. bone mineral density.
b. bone mineral density with changes in bone microarchitecture.
c. calcium intake in the presence of amenorrhea.
d. calcium intake over several decades.
Q. 5Amenorrhea is defined as an:
a. abnormally high concentration of estrogen-related hormones.
b. absence or suppression of menstruation.
c. excess production of testosterone in females.
d. absence of normal testosterone production in males.
Q. 6Low energy availability is defined as a(n):
a. energy expenditure that routinely exceeds energy intake.
b. low energy intake caused by an eating disorder.
c. hormonal disruption that results in the delayed uptake of glucose.
d. reduced metabolic rate due to self-imposed starvation.
Q. 7Which is the most recognizable symptom of the Female Athlete Triad?
a. Disordered eating
b. Amenorrhea
c. Osteoporosis
Q. 8What are the three distinct but interrelated factors associated with the Female Athlete Triad?
a. Health, fitness, and longevity
b. Anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa, and anorexia athletica
c. Appearance, performance, and optimal body weight
d. Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density
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